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The creation of the monstrous other through metamorphosis
Every age and culture has created its own Otherssome in the form of monsters who mirror not only our archetypal fears but our contemporary anxieties. Metamorphosis always involves otherizing and certain monsters are engendered through metamorphosis. It is these that I have chosen to work on in the light of mythography and contemporary literary theory.
The erotics of love and death in Victorian poetry
The Victorian period is well-known for its constructed understanding of ?sexuality? which is one of the products of the patriarchal, imperialist and religious discourse of the age. The Victorian concept of sexuality exerts pressure on women and also on men, fixes gender roles according to a certain code of behavior which prescribes what is ideal and what is not, and delimits Victorian women?s living space accordingly. This study will explore how Victorian poetry by male authors reflects and reacts against the constructed concept of sexuality under the themes of appropriation, confinement, and evil femininity. In the light of modern and contemporary theory, this thesis focuses on how the dichotomy of love and death finds expression under the roof of eroticism in selected poems.
Triumphant evocations: The visualization and textualization of post-Bop jazz in the 1950s
Jazz, since its early conception has always played a definitive role in American arts and culture. In the tumultuous post-war era of the 1950s that simultaneously cherished mass consumption, the avant-garde turn jazz took resonated with the influences of minorities that fell outside the racial, social and economical norms of American society. Visual and literary artists were influenced by the unusual rhythms and spontaneous virtuosity of jazz musicians and began to emulate them in their respective genres. Jazz, as an abstract music form, defied accurate verbal or visual illustration, however. This thesis argues, that what is inherently an abstracted language in modern jazz achieved representation both through the intermedial experiments of the Abstract Expressionist visuals on album covers and some schools of poetry in the 1950s. The thesis examines album covers of post-bop jazz and determines its main audience, while simultaneously studying patterns of modern jazz in the poetry of Bob Kaufman, Frank O'Hara and Langston Hughes within the context of the "new listener".
If this is life: Rethinking the modern subject through the aporia of biopolitics
Drawing on the discussion of biopolitical modernity in the thoughts of Giorgio Agamben and Hannah Arendt, this thesis focuses on the biopoliticized life as manifested in the works of Zabel Esayan's Among the Ruins, Hagop Mntzuri's The Places Where I Have Been, William Faulkner's As I Lay Dying and Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness. While biopolitics, on a broader level, points to the disruption of the Aristotelian designation of the category of life as bios and zoe, it specifically comes to mean the management of lives by new power mechanisms in ways that deprive them of human agency. The main figures in all four works are examined primarily through their reduction to such a state of bodily existence or of objecthood. In the first two chapters, I deploy Agamben's discussion of Homo Sacer in order to present how Esayan and Mnzuri's works interrogate biopoliticized life as is the case with the Ottoman Armenians when their lives were radically stripped of a human quality. The next two chapters rework Arendt's notion of Animal Laborans in the stories of the Bundren family and of the pair Charles Marlow and Mr. Kurtz, and examine the glorification of labor, instead of action. The homo sacer and homo laborans figures in these works all embark on a journey which, in each specific case, fails to provide self-formation in the Hegelian sense. Their writing of their biopoliticized lives turns out to be an "auto-bio-thanato-graphy," out of which emerges a rather singular mode of subjecthood.
"A living dog is better than a dead lion": Representations of animal otherness in post-1990s independent Turkish cinema
Due to their social and political implications, the various cinematic and narrative aspects of independent Turkish cinema have been popular subjects of critical study for many scholars. One specific focus that has characterized the general approach to these films has been a study of the representations of the "Other" and whether the Other was portrayed in a pejorative or celebratory fashion. This category of the Other has predominantly contained women, children, the economically disenfranchised, the religious Other, villagers juxtaposed with city dwellers, the socially outcast, and finally, animals. All these groups of Others have been the subject of close examination, except one abundantly portrayed group: animals. As this thesis will reveal, animal characters in post-1990s independent Turkish cinema have an equally essential function as any of these groups as they are portrayed both as direct extensions of the human protagonists, and as metaphors of how violence and power operate in society, victimizing human and animal subjects in similar terms. With the increasing attention Animal Studies have drawn and the visibility of animal characters in post-1990s independent Turkish cinema, this critical gap needs to be filled. Assuming such an aim, this thesis will focus on the ethical, aesthetic, cinematic, and narrative implications of how animals are portrayed in Somersault in a Coffin, Distant, Times and Winds, The Yusuf Trilogy: Egg, Milk, Honey; Kosmos, Somewhere in Between, Jîn, Singing Women, Winter Sleep, Sivas and Frenzy and conclude that they open alternative paths of reconciliation between the human Self and the animal Other.
Acoustico-politics of the modernist novel
This dissertation examines the use of acoustic phenomena in Heart of Darkness, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Mrs Dalloway, in order to argue that such phenomena have political implications. The recent surge in sound studies has already pinpointed the acoustic aspects of modernist novels, but they focused on the literary representation of emerging sound technologies. My approach reads these works as literary compositions, not simply as archives of political sounds. Each chapter incorporates a dedicated section on the novel's acoustic form, demonstrating that the presence of acoustic phenomena is not contingent but an integral component of the narrative structure. I remain within familiar territory of oft-examined passages in an attempt to bring a new perspective to their close readings, reading them via such concepts as voice, infancy, and testimony. My argument hinges on the power of the sound beyond meaning as a central acoustic phenomenon across these novels. Chapter 2 examines the political power of Kurtz's voice and Africans' trance music. Chapter 3 looks at Stephen's encounter with unknown political words and his response to two vocations. Chapter 4 reads the beggarwoman's song and Septimus' mad language as resistance to established order. Modernist novels are noisy and political, and this study shows that these two are fundamentally connected.
Yeni medyada Türk-Alman ilişkileri bağlamında söylem türleri
Bu tez çalışması, Türk-Alman ilişkileri bağlamında yeni medya ortamlarından Twitter'da üretilen Türkçe ve Almanca söylem türlerinin belirlenmesi ve Hollandalı dilbilimci Teun A. van Dijk'ın eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi modeli doğrultusunda analiz edilmesini amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, Merkel dönemi (2005-2021) boyunca Türkiye ve Almanya arasında ortaya çıkan başlıca krizler bağlamında üretilen Türkçe ve Almanca söylemler incelenmiştir. Analizde, Teun A. van Dijk'ın eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi modeline dayalı olarak geliştirilen "Twitter için Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi" şablonu kullanılmıştır. Beş bölümden oluşan tez çalışmasının giriş bölümünde tezin genel hatları hakkında bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde, yeni medya ve söylem kavramları ayrıntılı bir şekilde ele alınarak kavramsal bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde, disiplinler arası bir yaklaşım benimsenmiş ve farklı bilim alanlarından bilim insanlarının söylem kuramı ve söylem çözümlemesi konularındaki bakış açılarına yer verilmiştir. Ek olarak, bu bölümde söylem çözümlemesi türleri ve kuramları açıklanmıştır. Dördüncü bölümde, Türk-Alman ilişkileri tarihsel bir perspektifle ele alınmış ve akabinde Merkel dönemi Türk-Alman ilişkileri ele alınmıştır. Tarihsel çerçeve içindeki Türk-Alman ilişkilerinin evrimi, özellikle Merkel dönemindeki gelişmeler, detaylı bir şekilde araştırılmış ve incelenmiştir. Tezin uygulama bölümü, "Yeni Medyada Türk-Alman İlişkileri Bağlamında Twitter Söylemleri" başlığı altında toplanmıştır. Uygulama bölümü, "Twitter'da Yer Alan Türkçe Söylem Örnekleri" ve "Twitter'da Yer Alan Almanca Söylem Örnekleri" olmak üzere iki ana başlık altında ele alınmıştır. Bu başlıklar altında, Türk-Alman ilişkileri bağlamında Twitter'da belirlenen yedi söylem türü örneklerle analiz edilmiştir. Eleştirel söylem çözümlemesi yöntemiyle gerçekleştirilen analiz sonuçları, her iki toplumun da yeni medya ortamlarında benzer temalar ve dil stratejileri kullanarak söylem ürettiğini göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte söylemin çözümlenmesi aracılığıyla dilin kullanımıyla şekillenen söylemin analizi sayesinde Türk ve Alman toplumlarının dinamiklerini anlama konusunda değerli veriler ortaya konmuştur. Son olarak, çalışmada çeşitli söylem türleri ortaya konularak özellikle nefret söylemi odaklı bilimsel araştırmalara yeni bir perspektif sunulmuştur.
Latin Amerika kültüründe 'los Turcos' kavramının çağdaş Latin Amerika romanına yansıması
Bu tez çalışmasında, Latin Amerika kültüründe los turcos olgusunun Çağdaş Latin Amerika Romanına nasıl yansıdığı incelenmiştir. XIX. yüzyıl ortalarından başlayarak XX. yüzyıl başlarına kadar olan süreçte Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'ndan yüzbinlerce kişi Latin Amerika'nın farklı ülkelerine göç etmiştir. Çoğunluğu Suriye, Filistin ve Lübnan kökenli Hristiyan ya da Müslüman Araplardan, Rumlar ve Ermenilerden oluşan, içlerinde daha az sayıda Türk bulunan bu göçmenler Osmanlı pasaportu ile gittikleri Latin Amerika ülkelerinde los turcos yani 'Türkler' olarak anılmışlardır. Bir kısmı bir süre sonra geri dönse de bu göçmenlerin büyük bir çoğunluğu yerleştikleri ülkelerde yaşamaya devam etmiştir. Bahse konu göçmenler ilk göç ettikleri zamanlarda türlü sıkıntılar ve zorlu bir yaşam sürmüşler, hatta bazı ülkelerde yabancı düşmanlığı ve ayrımcılıkla karşılaşmışlardır. Hayallerinin ülkelerinde yeni bir hayat kurma niyetinde olan bu göçmenler her ne kadar kendilerini Latin Amerikalı gibi hissetseler ve topluma uyum sağlasalar da genellikle 'Türkler' olarak anılmaya devam etmişlerdir. Bu göçmenler zaman içinde toplumun yadsınamayacak bir parçası konumuna gelmiş, ve bulundukları ülkelerde başarıları ve yükselişleri ile de dikkat çekmişlerdir. Elbetteki bu göçmenler toplumsal yaşamda olduğu kadar Latin Amerika edebiyatında da var olmuşlar ve birçok romanda ana kahraman ya da ikincil karakterler olarak sıklıkla yer almışlardır. Bu tez ile Latin Amerika'nın Ana Limanlar Bölgesi'nde Brezilya ve Arjantin, And Bölgesi'nde Şili ve Peru, Karayipler'de Kolombiya ve Dominik Cumhuriyeti, Orta Kuzey Amerika'da ise Meksika ve Guatemala ülkeleri çağdaş romanlarındaki Osmanlı göçmeni karakterler yapısalcı çözümler yöntemiyle incelenmiş ve ön plana çıkan unsurlar tarihi araştırmaların bulgularıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. İnceleme sonucunda Osmanlı göçmenlerinin romanlara yansımasının büyük ölçüde gerçekçi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.
Anredeformen in Deutschen und Türkischen märchen
Every living being has its own way of communication and so do the characters in (fairy) tales. They use specific forms of address to communicate with each other. The aim of this master thesis is to seek out the different forms of address used in German and Turkish tales among the characters. To determine their meanings from the perspective of contrastive linguistics, a certain amount of tales in both languages were analyzed. To limit the scope of the study, nominal and pronominal address terms were prioritized so that the verbal form of address was mentioned to a minimum extent. In order to reify the similarities and differences between the two languages from a contrastive point of view, the main part of the study consists of the analysis of the form and meaning of the nominal and pronominal terms of address. Therefore the comparison was made on the morphological and semantic level. The scope was extended by the pragmalinguistic view as necessary.
Metatheatre as political satire in Renaissance and twentieth-century English drama
This dissertation seeks to explore the aesthetic and political implications that arise from the convergence between dramatic satire and metatheatrical strategies as exemplified in The Spanish Tragedy (1582-92) The Knight of the Burning Pestle (1607), The Roman Actor (1613), The Historical Register for the Year 1736 (1737) The Churchill Play (1974), A Map of the World (1982) and Our Country's Good (1988). It is frequently noted in the study that while acknowledging the artificial dimension of theatre and creating a sense of playfulness and flux, self-reflexive nature of the plays significantly enhances the impact of dramatic satire. Indeed, metatheatre becomes a very efficient vehicle for satire in theatre. This claim is supported via a number of examples from the Renaissance, eighteenth-century and twentieth-century plays where the satirical tone is largely dependent upon various metatheatrical employments, basically the play-within-the-play. In fact, metatheatrical analyses of plays from these centuries is not a new topic of study. What is specific to this dissertation is that metatheatre is not merely handled as a technical innovation, an element shattering the traditions of realist drama by foregrounding the play's self-referentiality. Instead, focusing on the symbiosis between satire and metatheatre, it aims to highlight the political and ontological dimensions of this crossover. The study argues that the interplay between satire and metatheatre addresses a stage reality where politics and theatricality are fused into one another and dismantle conventional ways of thinking and stage representation. In this respect, politics, law, class systems, social hierarchies, oppression, historiography, colonialism, Eurocentrism and neoliberalism are explored through the intersection between satirical drama and metatheatrical devices. While analysing the incorporation of satire and metatheatre, the transformation of satire, the new meanings it has gained throughout the centuries, and its flexibility are also demonstrated.
Giovanni Boccaccio'nun Decameron adlı eserinde kadın kavramı
İtalyan edebiyatında kadın denildiğinde öncelikle Dante'nin kadını Beatrice akla gelir. Bu kadın saf bir varlıktır ve meleksi görünümüyle tanrıya ulaştıran bir araç olarak görülür. Varlığı mistik bir öge yerine somut bir kimliğe bürünen kadınlar, Giovanni Boccaccio ile ortaya çıkar. Kadınları Decameron'un merkezinde toplayan yazar, XIV. yüzyıl İtalyan edebiyatında nesir geleneğinde çığır açmıştır. Hayatı boyunca her kesimden insanı gözlemleme fırsatı olan Boccaccio eserinde de bunu karakterlerine yansıtmıştır. Soylu, köylü, aristokrat, güzel, çirkin, zengin, fakir gibi birçok farklı insana yer verebilmesi de bundan kaynaklıdır. Boccaccio için kadın artık bir araç değil bir birey haline gelir. XIV. yüzyıl İtalya'sında din baskısı gibi birçok etkene rağmen edebiyatta kadın karakteri ilk defa bu kadar ön planda ve güçlü bir şekilde karşımıza çıkar. Boccaccio insanı baz alarak özgürce anlattığı gerçekliği bu zamana kadar dillendirilmeyen kadının neler yaptığını veya yapabileceğini okuyucuya gösterdi. Buradaki kadın, hür, kurnaz, yazgısını yönetebilen ve doğal olarak erkekler gibi cinsel arzular besleyebilen toplumda yeri olan bir varlıktır. Bu tez çalışması üç ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. İlk bölümde yazarın hayatı ve yapıtlarından bilgiler verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise Decameron adlı kitabın İtalyan edebiyatındaki önemi vurgulanmıştır. Son olarak da Boccaccio'nun Decameron adlı kitabında kadına nasıl yer verdiği analiz edilmiştir.
Social Hierarchy and the Carnivalesque in Early Modern English Comedy: William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream, Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday and Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair
Early modern English society witnessed rapid growth in economic, social, political, and cultural fields, which also reflected on the social structure of the period. This study focuses on the social changes in different types of early modern English comedies reflecting social change and mobility in early modern England. It adopts Mikhail Bakhtin's carnivalesque theory to explore the carnivalesque in three different types of comedy that have been composed in the early modern period, namely romantic comedy represented by William Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1595 or 1596), city comedy represented by Thomas Dekker's The Shoemaker's Holiday (1599) and satirical comedy represented by Ben Jonson's Bartholomew Fair (1614). It attempts to show how the carnivalesque functions to blur temporarily the boundaries of social hierarchy, giving way to social change. As the carnivalesque breaks down the social order, it provides new perspective on the social classes. To this end, the first chapter, focusing on social history in early modern England and the theoretical background for this study, traces the socioeconomic state, social hierarchy and social mobility in early modern England as well as discussing Bakhtin's theory of the carnivalesque and other literary theories, namely Marxism and Max Weber's social action, dealing with class formations and class consciousness. The three chapters that follow trace the social hierarchy and the carnivalesque in three different types of early modern English comedy that are set at different festival occasions. In A Midsummer Night's Dream, three festivals, namely May Day, Midsummer and Saint Valentine's Day are intermingled to produce a fascinating picture of Shakespeare's festival world. Shakespeare depicts characters from different social classes who are divided into separate social hierarchical groups, in the real world (Athenians) and in the fairy world (supernatural creatures) who are brought together in the dream space of the play (the forest) in which the social boundaries and norms can be blurred temporarily. A Midsummer Night's Dream reveals the tensions between the artisanal and commercial sides of theatrical production reflecting the complex socioeconomic aspects of the theatre with the emerging market economy of early modern England. In The Shoemaker's Holiday, Dekker brings together characters from different classes –the nobility, merchants and artisans to celebrate Shrove Tuesday, which becomes a holiday for shoemakers by the end of the play. Despite presenting this strict division of social hierarchy, the play shows the fluidity of this order by representing Simon Eyre's upward mobility which is the keyword in uniting the classes harmoniously together in love. Thus, the play foregrounds social mobility and the power of communality to overcome social conflict. The Shoemaker's Holiday presents Simon Eyre's communal realm as a response to the commercial economic system of early modern England by depicting an ideal relationship between masters and their employees in which they support each other in commercial harmony. In Bartholomew Fair, an intriguing picture of St Bartholomew's Fair Day is depicted with its chaotic atmosphere. Jonson depicts characters from different social classes, mainly the nobility, the new emerging middle class, and individuals of the illegal underworld, classifying them as being fairgoers and fair-workers. The space of the fair forms a carnivalesque space which combines all the fairgoers besides the fair-workers, offering a picture of the commercialized new economy. Bartholomew Fair presents how in the early modern capitalist society of England everything is commercialized. The fair becomes a competitive marketplace where all social classes gather to sell their goods freely reflecting a market with its intermingling of street noises and commercial activities depicting the interactions between fair-workers and the fairgoers. The carnivalesque elements in the three comedies mentioned above, blur the social hierarchy through their festive atmosphere transgressing the established social order and reflecting the fluid nature of early modern English society.
Affect, materiality and embodiment in climate change fiction: John Brunner's The Sheep Look Up, Ruth Ozeki's My Year of Meats, and J.M. Ledgard's Submergence
The aim of this study is to explore the critical issue of climate change in the age of the Anthropocene over the period of the 1970s through the 2000s and its multi-dimensional impacts ranging from the embodiment of material bodies, social, political and economic systems of societies to the affective states and psychological responses of humans in the face of environmental collapse in the selected cli-fi novels: John Brunner's The Sheep Look Up (1972), Ruth Ozeki's My Year of Meats (1998) and J.M. Ledgard's Submergence (2011). Starting with one of the earliest examples of climate change fiction, this study provides the basis on which three cli-fi novels underscore that climate change has transformed from an abstract risk threatening the future of the planet into a tangible and pressing reality of the contemporary world. Accordingly, the issue of climate change needs to be deciphered within the context of material-discursive entanglements among the natural environment, human-made systems, human and nonhuman bodies and material forces. To this end, this study discusses the selected texts within the framework of material ecocriticism and affect theory in order to highlight the agentic, transformative, narrative and affective capabilities of the material world and the interactive ways in which humans and nonhuman elements are involved in ecological relationships. This study concludes that such material and affective ecocritical engagement with critical environmental issues through the medium of climate change novel and its thematic and formal possibilities in the selected texts functions as an invaluable potential to overthrow the anthropocentric worldview that has resulted in ecological disasters and to adopt a planetary approach to nature and the material world we all live in, which could be effective in generating environmentally-conscious and greener attitudes and behaviours.
Jean Echenoz'un Ravel, Koşmak ve Şimşekler adlı romanlarında ironi
İroni romanlarda yoğun olarak kullanılan bir üslup biçimidir. Jean Echenoz da romanlarını ironik üslubu ile yazan Fransız bir yazardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Jean Echenoz'un romanlarındaki ironiyi incelemektir. Çalışmada incelenen romanlar Ravel, Koşmak ve Şimşekler romanlarıdır. Çalışma iki bölümden oluşur. Birinci bölümde ironi kavramı incelenir. İroninin tarihi açıklanır. İronik anlatımın özellikleri gösterilir. İroni ve roman arasındaki ilişki açıklanmaya çalışılır. İroni türleri incelenir. İkinci bölümde romanlardaki ironinin kullanış şekilleri ve yaşam öykülerine etkisi incelenir. Sonuç olarak, bu romanların yoğun olarak ironi içerdiği görülmüştür. İroni sayesinde metinlerin çoğullaştığı ve anlatımın zenginleştiği tespit edilmiştir.
La lutte de donner un sens à la vie dans "Les Thibault" de Roger Martin Du Gard
The aim of our study is to analyze the struggle of giving a meaning to life in the novel The Thibaults, written by Roger Martin Du Gard. The Thibaults is a river-novel that consists of eight separate novels written under the influence of literary movements realism and naturalism, also bears the characteristics of its genre. In the novel that we are examining, the story is told through the members of a bourgeois family living in the early twentieth century. The author deals with the political environment and the situation of French society before the First World War while including the religious antagonisms, differences between socio-economic classes and differences of opinion of the period. This novel gains a psychological dimension in adding to the experiences of different characters and their emotional states in response to these experiences. Depressions caused by illness, war and death experiences, human achievements such as friendship and love from which every reader can find something from themselves constitute the main themes of this work. In the light of the events that take place around the main characters Jacques and Antoine, who are very different by nature, we observe the struggle to give a meaning to life.
Frank-talking: A reading of of Orwell's 1984 with foucault's concept of Parrhesia
This study examines the political setting of 1984 through Winston's relationship with free speech in the context of parrhesia. George Orwell's novel follows Winston, a middle-aged, rank-and-file party member who outwardly appears loyal yet harbors doubts and resentment toward the regime. His political resistance emerges through hisuse of language to challenge the Party. Chapter One focuses on parrhesia, which provides the theoretical background chapter Two analyses the novel in two sections to explore how parrhesia operates within the universe of the novel.The first section examines the Party's dominance over language and its linguistic policies. The second section studies Winston's use of language against the Party, showing how parrhesia becomes a tool of political opposition. Winston's efforts to reclaim language represent an attempt to symbolically challenge the Party's hegemony. However, his failure underscores the regime's control over language. As a result, language becomes a site of crisis, marking the divide between the silenced periphery and the vocal center, each valuing abd utilizing free speech differently. This dynamic reveals how control over language serves as both a mechanism of repression and a measure of political power in the totalitarian state of 1984.
The early modern imagination: The historical drama of Bond, Churchill, Brenton and McLean
This thesis, with particular focus on British historical drama set in early modern Britain, explores how the genre, through its emphasis on the Other, reflects the fictional nature of national identity. The selected plays, namely, Edward Bond's Bingo (1973), Caryl Churchill's Light Shining in Buckinghamshire (1976), Howard Brenton's Anne Boleyn (2010) and Linda McLean's Glory on Earth (2017) re-enact the prominent conflicts of early modern Britain. Although over forty years the main emphasis of the plays changes, the concern for reclaiming a voice for the Other remains. The idea that historical facts are open to interpretation makes it possible for the playwrights to create alternative pasts and this in return enables the playwrights to refer to national identity as a fictive construct. Though the genre's problematic relationship with the issue of truth can find its voice in the danger of reconnecting the reader / audience with the past, the genre maintains the attempt to provide a critical point of view concerning the issues of historiography and nation that are based on othering and binary oppositions. At the end, it is concluded that historical drama is to remain a popular genre that always evolves and seeks to present a nation free from power relations.
The cross-fertilization of the botanical and the literary
Plants are highly complex beings with sophisticated strategies for surviving, thriving and coexisting with fellow members of their own and other species on this planet. Yet the Aristotelean notion that plants are passive and insensitive creatures which pervaded the sciences for centuries is still ingrained in society's approach to plants. In order to extend moral consideration and responsibility to plants, first we need to make them visible. Science helps cure "plant-blindness" by bringing their complexity to the front. However, other forms of plant knowledge contribute to, and at times compensate for what "scientific" thinking leaves out. Resonating Gary Snyder's depth ecology, an Ecopoetics that incorporates diverse approaches becomes an answer for a worldview that acknowledges the "…autonomy and integrity of the non-human…," vegetal other. In Howard Nemerov's "Learning the Trees," poetry and botany, specifically plant systematics, come together to reflect on the possibilities and limits inherent in each "language" in "hearing" and "speaking" trees. Whereas, with his Greenhouse poems, Theodore Roethke goes into the cracks and crevices of being, entangled with vegetal life, and brings weeds, vegetal outcasts, out of our peripheral vision, transforming the way we see them. Besides exploring the diverse ways mushrooms have fruited in the poetry of Snyder, Mary Oliver and Marvin Bell, the chapter explores how nature literacy, place literacy and science literacy infiltrate the poems and how these tributaries of knowing help create new metaphors, connections and patterns in multispecies story-telling between humans and fungi.
Man-animal-machine: exploring the posthuman life in Tess of the D'urbervilles and Lady Chatterley's Lover
In this thesis, I aim to present a Deleuzean posthumanist reading of Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and D.H. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover. In my research, I have mainly focused on how these two early 20th century novels disrupt the centrality of the human subject and explore the ways of alternative hybrid relationships formed through the human-animal-machine affiliations. This analysis has connected the posthumanist theory with Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari's writings in order to especially focus on the concepts of "becoming-animal" and "desiring-machines," which I present as the preliminary posthumanist gestures taking place in Hardy and Lawrence's novels. Subsequently, my interpretation sees both authors' works as prefigurations of a posthumanist stance, rather than a nostalgic one, as is generally accepted.
Mark Twain's dual vision of Hawaii: Sublime wilderness in nineteenth-century America
When Mark Twain set sail for his journey to the Sandwich Islands in 1866, the frontiers in America had not been closed yet, and the concept of "wilderness" was undergoing a significant transformation toward becoming "a sacred American icon". This thesis is inspired by William Cronon's argument that the American wilderness is a cultural construct, and that two important cultural movements helped transform the "wilderness" into an icon: "the Romantic sublime" and "the national myth of the frontier". The prevalent discourses of nature in nineteenth-century America brought about some cultural constraints, one of which was the view that certain landscapes were considered sublime. The question of to what extent and in what ways Twain subverts these conventions that provide the nineteenth-century paradigm for the representation of the landscape will guide the discussion. This thesis argues that Twain's dual vision rejects participation in the construction of the popular discourses of wilderness in nineteenth-century America through parodying and subverting the conventions of the "sublime" and the "frontier". Within this framework, the focus will be on Letters from Hawaii, though Roughing It, Innocents Abroad, Life on Mississippi, Following the Equator, A Tramp Abroad, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, and some of his letters will also be among the primary sources.
An ecopoetic inquiry into Emily Dickinson's dwelling earthward
This thesis re-introduces Emily Dickinson as a nature poet and furthermore, an ecopoet through the examination of selected poems with an emphasis on the unique features applied by the poet from breaking down grammar rules to upsetting the conventional rhythmic ordinance of verse. The importance of Dickinson's peculiar composition is underlined after the philosophical discussion of animal from antiquity to present day, from an ontological outcast to an ethical object and finally to an autonomous subject. Introduction of ecology to literature and in particular to poetry is analysed through ecocriticism. With a specific emphasis on the current environmental crisis and animal liberation movements, this thesis re-reads Dickinson's poetry with the help of animal studies and ecopetic disciplinary approaches. By presenting Emily Dickinson's dwelling earthward as an exemplary one and perhaps as a way of salvation of human and non-human relations, the ultimate aim is to show the possibility to enhance the perception of nature in the eyes of human animal by carrying it from the circumference to the centre of attention.
Musallat: Tiyatroda hayalet figürü üzerine bir inceleme
In the long interval between the beginnings of the drama and the contemporary stage, the ghost, with its fundamental liminality, remains one of the most ubiquitous and relevant supernatural figures that appear on theatrical space. As a quintessential figure of 'return', the ghost, within the plays it appears in, acts as a valid instrument to bring back to surface the unresolved tensions resulting from major social shifts or national cataclysms in order to acknowledge the existence of these tensions and perhaps, even resolve them. The present study explores the manifestations of the ghost on the theatrical stage of three distinct periods, Ancient Greek, Elizabethan/Jacobean England, and Contemporary (post-1960s) American. In the analysis of the selected plays, the figure of the ghost and its function is examined in relation to notions of justice, memory, legacy and identity. The aim of this comparative study is to trace the continuations and the alterations with respect to the conception and the function of the ghost through this historical trajectory, as the figure continues to probe and bring to surface unresolved tensions.
The politics of Nostalgia in Atwood's Oryx and Crake and Bacigalupi's the Windup Girl
This study explores the representation of nostalgia in two dystopian novels, the Canadian writer Margaret Atwood's Oryx and Crake (2003) and the American writer Paolo Bacigalupi's The Windup Girl (2009). While there are major works tracing the themes of longing for home and belonging in contemporary fiction, there is no current study adequately addressing the connection between dystopian novel and nostalgia. Therefore, this study fills a gap in the existing scholarship by virtue of its focus on the dystopian novel. Building on the contemporary interdisciplinary approaches on nostalgia and dystopian tradition, this M.A. thesis investigates the political implications of yearning for the past. Through examining our ways of relating to the past, Oryx and Crake and The Windup Girl question two arguments that are central to utopian fiction: a return to nature argument and scientific and technological utopianism. Both novels not only problematize these contradictory possibilities, but they also propose and contest a third alternative: the possibility of a future that brings together human and non-human. I argue that Atwood and Bacigalupi's novels are a meditation on utopian thought and a nuanced exploration of the experience of nostalgia.
Metafictional representations of trauma
This study explores the representation of trauma in three metafictional novels that deal with trauma in the last half century: Kurt Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-Five (1969/2009), Chuck Palahniuk's Survivor (1999/2000) and Margaret Atwood's The Testaments (2019). While there is extensive research tracing the various themes in literary depictions of trauma, there is a gap in the studies of metafictional novels that fails to adequately address the connection between metafiction and representation of trauma in literary texts. Therefore, this study fills this gap in the existing scholarship with its focus on the metafictional representations of trauma. Building on the existing interdisciplinary approaches to trauma studies and metafiction, this M.A. thesis demonstrates how metafiction is an apt narrative strategy to convey the inherent resistance in traumatic experience to representation through the discourses of totalizing meta-narratives. By exposing how trauma manifests itself on the psyche of the victim, Slaughterhouse-Five, Survivor and The Testaments reveal that its representation also requires unconventional means of narration. All three novels not only self-reflexively question the limits of narrativity in representing trauma but also attempt at alternative narratives that are self-aware of the difficulty inherent in the task of representing trauma and actively include the reader in the creation of the testimonial text.
Toplum çevirmenliğine yorumbilgisel bir yaklaşım: Sağlık çevirmeni ve öznellik
Bu çalışmanın amacı, toplum çevirmenliği çerçevesinde değerlendirilen sağlık çevirmenliği alanında ülkemizde görev yapan çevirmenlerin çeviri öncesince, sürecinde ve sonrasında öznelliklerini nasıl deneyimlediklerini ortaya koymaktır. Alanyazınına bakıldığında, sözkonusu çevirmenlerin nesnel ve tarafsız olmaları gerektiği yönünde uluslararası bir kabul olduğu görülmüştür. Bu kabulü ülkemizde sınamak üzere, çevirmenin öznelliğinin çevirisine ve mesleki deneyimine nasıl yansıdığını kendi ifadelerine başvurarak incelemek, çevirmenlerin tarafsız ve nesnel birer aktarıcı mı, yoksa kendi algı, görüş ve kararlarını yansıtan taraflı birer özne mi olduklarını sorgulamak gerekli görülmüştür. Araştırmanın yöntemsel dayanağını yorumbilgisel (hermeneutik) yaklaşım oluşturmaktadır. Yaşama tecrübesi de denen Erlebnis'in büründüğü ifadeleri anlamak üzere özne durumundaki kişilerin ifadelerinin irdelendiği bu araştırmanın üç veri kaynağından birini derinlemesine görüşmeler oluşturmaktadır. 27 kişiden oluşan katılımcı grubu ile yapılan görüşmeler üzerinde bilgisayar destekli tematik analiz yapılmıştır. Hem tematik analiz, hem de toplam sonucun değerlendirilmesi, yorumbilgisel daire ve ufukların kaynaşması ilkeleri doğrultusunda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmaya katılan çevirmenlerin görev ve sorumluluklarının kapsamı, mesleki geçmişleri, karar alma süreçleri ve duyuşa ilişkin kavramlardan oluşan temalar ekseninde çevirmenlerin öznellikleri incelenmiştir. İkinci veri kaynağını araştırma günlükleri oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmacının öznelliğinin izinin sürüldüğü bu günlükler, kendisi de bir özne olan araştırmacının vardığı sonuca giden yoldaki mihenk taşlarını ortaya koymaktadır. Veri üçlemesinin son ayağını ise, ulusal veya uluslararası mesleki etik ilkeler üzerinde yapılan belge analizi oluşturmaktadır. Genel olarak tüm çevirmenlere veya yalnızca toplum çevirmenlerine yönelik belgelerden oluşan 2 ayrı veri setinde toplam 18 farklı ülke ve 3 uluslararası kuruluştan alınan 32 belge yer almaktadır. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların uluslararası düzeydeki mesleki etik ilkelerde belirtilen hususlardan son derece farklı yaklaşımlar izleyebildikleri; öznel değerlendirme ve kararların mesleki deneyimlerini çok büyük ölçüde yönlendirdiği ve şekillendirdiği görülmüştür. Ülkelerin kendi bağlamlarına göre tarafsızlık ilkesine atfettikleri niteliklerin değişkenlik gösterebildiği de belge analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkmıştır. Ülkemizdeki sağlık çevirmenlerine yönelik etik ilkeler konusundaki referans ihtiyacının giderilmesine yönelik girişimlerin, çevirmenlerin ifade ettikleri deneyimlerle bağlantılı olarak yapılması, gerçek şartlara uygun, sahada karşılık bulacak bir referans belge oluşturulması için son derece belirleyici olacaktır.
Basın çevirilerinde diller ve kültürlerarası farklılıklar
Bu çalışmanın amacı İngilizcedenTürkçeye yapılan basın çevirileri kapsamında dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklarınhangi biçimlerde ortaya çıktığını ve sonuç olarak ürüne ne gibi etkilerde bulunduğunu değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda İngilizceden Türkçeye yapılan basın çevirileri değerlendirilmeye alınmış olup elde dilen verilere diller ve kültürlerarası çeviri ve etkileşim açısından bir analiz yapılmıştır. 2016, 2017 ve 2018 yıllarında sunulmuşBBC (20), Euronews (8) ve Sputnik News (4) haber ajanslarından toplamda 32 adet haber metni ve çevirileri ele alınmıştır. Spor, sağlık, kültür ve sanat, bilim ve teknoloji, politik ve yaşam ve seyahat başlıklı alanlarından metinler derlenmiştir. Bu inceleme nesnelerine dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklar özelinde işlevselci bir yaklaşım modeli olan ve göndergesel, anlatımsal, duyumsal ve ilişkisel işlevden oluşan Christiane Nord'un Dört İşlev Modeliuygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular ışığında, ele alınan bütün metin türleri açısından göndergesel ve ilişkisel işlevlerin çoğu zaman çevirmen tarafından uygun stratejiler doğrultusunda yerine getirildiği ancakanlatımsal ve duyumsal işlevin tam manasıyla gerçekleştirilemediği gözlemlenmiştir. İngilizce ve Türkçe arasındaki dilsel farklılıkların, iki ülke arasındaki coğrafi uzaklığın, kültüre özgü dil kullanımlarının ve evrensel dil kullanımlarının dilsel ve kültürel farklılıklar noktasında en önemli faktörler oldukları belirlenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, Türkçeye yapılan basın çeviri metinlerinin çeşitli adaptasyonlarla sunulduğu ve birçok noktanın eksik olarak verildiği de belirlenmiştir. Bu adaptasyonlar içerisinde içermeme, ekleme, açımlama ve yeniden düzenleme süreçleri mevcuttur. Yeni bir bilim dalı olan Çeviribilim kapsamında basın çevirilerinin dünya genelinde 2000li yılların başından itibaren ele alındığı dikkate alınarak Türkiye genelinde oldukça az çalışıldığı gözlemlenmiş ve bu doğrultuda daha fazla çalışma yapılması tavsiye edilmektedir.
Göstergebilimsel Bir Serüven: Üç öyküsüyle Türkçe'de Oscar Wilde
"Göstergebilimsel Bir Serüven: Üç Öyküsüyle Türkçe'de Oscar Wilde" başlıklı bu çalışma, Wilde'ın The Selfish Giant, The Devoted Friend ve The Nightingale and The Rose başlıklı üç masalsı öyküsünü göstergebilimsel bakış açısıyla ve çeviri göstergebilimi bağlamında incelemektedir. Göstergebilim ile birlikte çeviri göstergebilimini ve amaçlarını uygulamalı örnekler ortaya koyarak tanıtmayı hedeflemektedir. Eserin "Gösterge ve Göstergebilim" başlıklı ilk bölümü kuramsal çerçevedir. Göstergeyi, göstergebilimi ve çeviri göstergebilimini tanımlamakla birlikte uygulama kısmında kullanılan yöntemin, yaklaşımlarından sentezlenerek elde edildiği göstergebilimin, özellikle de yazınsal göstergebilimin üç önemli ismi Algirdas Julien Greimas, Roland Barthes ve Jean-Claude Coquet'nin kuramlarını da özetlemektedir. "Bütünce ve Uygulama" başlıklı ikinci bölümü ise uygulama kısmıdır. Oscar Wilde'a ve dönemine ilişkin özet bilgi verildikten sonra söz konusu üç eser burada göstergebilimsel çözümlemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Çözümlemeler, öykülerin 1962'de Penguen yayınevi tarafından yayınlanan özgün metinleri üzerinden gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öykülerin iki tanesi için sekiz, biri için de yedi farklı çevirmen tarafından gerçekleştirilmiş olan Türkçe çevirileri çeviri göstergebilimi ölçütleriyle değerlendirilmiştir. Prof. Dr. Sündüz Öztürk Kasar tarafından geliştirilen Çeviride Anlam Bozucu Eğilimler Dizgeselliği uyarınca elde edilen bulgular tablolar üzerinde topluca gösterilmiş ve sayısal verilerle de ifade edilmiştir. Bu çalışma, hem göstergebilimle, göstergebilimin çevirideki rolüyle ve çevirmene nasıl yardımcı olabileceğiyle ilgilenen akademik okurlara hem de genel anlamda göstergebilime ve çeviri göstergebilimine ilgi duyan tüm okurlara ışık tutabilmek amacındadır.
The use of lexical bundles in argumentative essays written by Turkish university students: A learner corpus-based study
The aim of the present study is to investigate four-word lexical bundles in argumentative essays written by L1 Turkish EFL students. For the purpose of the study, a specialized learner corpus was compiled named DPUCEL, which stands for Dumlupınar University Corpus of English Learners, with 152 preparatory students who will study in the departments of English Translation and Interpreting and English Language and Literature. The DPUCEL corpus includes argumentative essays which were written in Reading and Writing Skills Course as timed-essays during the 2019-2020 Fall Semester. In the first part of the analysis, timed-essays were transcribed by the researcher and four-word lexical bundles in the DPUCEL corpus were retrieved by using AntConc, a corpus software. In the second part, four-word lexical bundles in the timed-essays were classified manually both structurally and functionally based on the previously developed taxonomies. The results of the study revealed that the students used both original and prompt-specific bundles. It was found that the most frequently used structural category was verb phrase-based bundles and functional category was stance bundles. The lexical bundle research in non-native EFL writers' discourse provide understanding for further corpus-based investigation in academic writing.
Perceived value of learning foreign languages: Insights from university students
In educational psychology, it has long been known motivation has an important influence on learning in many ways, and one explanatory component of motivation is the perceived value of the activity. It means the value that learners assign to the involvement in learning considering the expected benefits and challenges. In this context, the aim of this study is to gain an insight into university students' perceived value of learning foreign languages. The study was designed as mixed methods research. To collect quantitative data, the researcher developed a questionnaire and qualitative data was obtained through semi-structured interviews. The study group was composed of 406 students from various faculties at a public university in Turkey. The results indicated that learners' perceived value of learning foreign languages is at a high level, and they expect to get personal, social, and most importantly occupational benefits. These benefits vary according to demographic variables like gender, class (prep class or first grade) and faculty. It was also understood that a great majority of university students have a desire to reach advanced level (B2/C1) in English; however, nearly half of them believe that they can put adequate effort and embrace the psychological difficulties like anxiety and stress. In addition, it was found that they have a positive attitude towards multilingualism and learning another foreign language for similar reasons. At the end of the study, some implications were drawn for researchers, policy makers and language instructors.
Impact of computer-mediated anonymous peer feedback on students' self-regulated learning skills in English writing courses during emergency remote teaching
The transition to emergency remote teaching (ERT) with the pandemic has entailed a computer-mediated learning environment in which students had to be responsible for their own learning by using self-regulated learning strategies (SRL). Considering the importance of SRL skills, it is crucial to employ different strategies to foster students' SRL skills, particularly in English writing. To facilitate students' learning of English writing and promote SRL skills during ERT, it is reasonable to adopt peer feedback allowing students to monitor their writing process. Thus, this study aims to investigate students' perceptions of SRL skills, show the impact of computer-mediated anonymous peer feedback intervention in English writing courses on students' SRL skills, and find out students' experiences as feedback providers and receivers. The study employed a quasi-experimental design, and data were collected from preparatory school students through an online SRL scale and reflective journals. The data were analyzed by administering paired samples t-test and coding the reflective journals. Results demonstrated that computer-mediated anonymous peer feedback has a significant positive impact on students' SRL skills. Regarding students' experiences with computer-mediated anonymous peer feedback, they stated that it contributed to their language performance and helped them learn from their peers and make self-evaluations. However, it was found hard to trust the given feedback. Moreover, students felt anxious of offending peers and misleading them with incorrect feedback. Overall, they shared both positive feelings such as entertainment, excitement, and self-confidence besides negative feelings such as embarrassment, exhaustion, and disappointment. Keywords: Computer-mediated anonymous peer feedback, Emergency remote teaching, English writing, Peer-teacher conference, Self-regulated learning
Foreign language education in Turkish history and suggestions for improvement in the light of the 2023 Education Vision of the Ministry of National Education
Education has always been one of the most important issues in Turkish history for thousands of years. The educational understanding and practices of the first Turkish communities were shaped by their lifestyles. The first Turkish civilizations in Central Asia, consisting of horse-drawn nomadic tribes, interacted with their closest neighbor China for many years and exchanged both culture and language as a result of this interaction. After their conversion to Islam, Turks moved to the west and interacted with the Arab world and Iran, as a result of their relations with these civilizations, they learned Arabic to read and understand the Qur'an as well as cultural exchange and used Persian in many areas of daily life until the middle of the 19th century. Turning completely to the West with the proclamation of the Republic, Turkey has focused on education in French and German rather than Arabic and Persian in foreign language teaching. Since 1950, English has started to be the dominant foreign language in Turkey as in the whole world, and foreign language education policies have been shaped over this language. Although modern language education policies and practices have been tried many times on foreign language education, especially in English, for more than 60 years, the desired level of success has not been achieved. In this study, suggestions to increase the level of success in foreign language education will be proposed in the light of the "MEB 2023 Education Vision", which is currently in practice.
Carl Gustav Jung's Gnosticism: From wholeness to unity and archetypal manifestations in the works of Geoffrey Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde and Robert Henryson's The Testament of Cresseid
The theory and concepts developed by Carl Gustav Jung under the term of "analytical psychology" encompass important studies for understanding the depth of human nature. The ultimate goal is for the individual to fulfill themselves on the journey of life. In this process, the symbols and archetypes of the collective unconscious are among the most important tools for self-realization. This thesis will explore the psychological depths of characters within the context of Geoffrey Chaucer's "Troilus and Criseyde" and Robert Henryson's "The Testament of Cresseid", delving into universal themes such as love, loyalty, and morality. Through the lens of Jung's four main archetypes: Persona, shadow, anima-animus, and the self - it aims to address humanity's shared concerns while examining the timeless relevance of these works. The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the applicability of Jung's concept of the collective unconscious through the characters of Troilus, Criseyde, and Cresseid, emphasizing the contribution of literary works to individual self-realization. Through this study, the aim is to analyze Jung's theoretical concepts through literary works and provide the reader with a broader perspective in conjunction with the text.
The Picaresque influence on the rise of the eighteenth century English novel
The introduction gives general information on the picaresque tradition, anddraws attention to the general characteristics of this genre.Chapter I discusses the origins of the novel, the plot and character pattern in thepicaresque novel. It also contains background information on the history of Spain bydiscussing Lazarillo de Tormes.Chapter II points out the similarities and differences between the traditionalSpanish picareque plot and usage of the picaresque in the Eighteenth century Englishnovel. Chapter II also focuses on differences between the picara and the picaro anddifferent characteristics of them in eighteenth century English literature especially inMoll Flanders, Roderick Random and Tom Jones.Conclusion establishes the general features of picaresque novel, and it focuseson how the 18th Century English novel writers Daniel Defoe, Tobias Smollett and HenryFielding.
Alman dili ve edebiyatı lisans programındaki öğrencilerin konuşma becerisinde yaşadıkları sorunlar: Fırat Üniversitesi örneği
Yabancı dil öğreniminde konuşma becerisinin önemli bir yeri vardır. Konuşma becerisini kullanmak, hedef dilde iletişim kurabilmek anlamına gelir. Dil öğrenmek isteyenlerin asıl hedefinin, hedef dilde iletişim kurma yeteneğini elde etmek olduğu düşünüldüğünde, bu becerinin yerinin yabancı dilde ne kadar önemli olduğunu görebiliriz. Fakat yabancı dil öğreniminde öğrencilerin en çok zorlandıkları becerilerin başında konuşma becerisi gelmektedir. Bu durum yabancı dil öğreniminin her kademesinde görülse de yükseköğretimde daha da bir önem ifade etmektedir çünkü yabancı dil bölümlerinde öğrenim gören ve mezun olduklarında hedef dili öğretecek öğrencilerin, dilin tüm becerilerine de hâkim olmaları beklenir. Konuşma becerisinde sorunların yaşanması, diğer becerilerin gelişimini de etkileyecektir çünkü hedef dilde konuşma becerisini kullanamayan birey henüz öğrendikleri bilgileri beceriye aktaramamıştır bu da hedef dilde tam öğrenmenin gerçekleşmediği anlamına gelmektedir. Aynı zamanda konuşma becerisinde sıkıntılar yaşayan birey bu beceriyi öğretirken de sorunlar yaşayacaktır ve öğretme eylemi eksik gerçekleşecektir. Almanca konuşma becerisinde öğrencilerin yaşadıkları sorunlar hakkında fikir sahibi olmak, hem bu sorunların giderilmesine hem de bu beceriyi zorlanılan bir beceri olmaktan uzaklaştırıp kolay öğrenilen bir beceri olarak görülmesine yardımcı olacaktır. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmada Fırat Üniversitesi Alman Dili ve Edebiyatı Lisans programı öğrencilerinin Almanca konuşma becerisinde yaşadıkları sorunlar incelenmiş ve çalışma grubunun Almanca konuşma becerilerini kullanırken hangi etkenlerden etkilendiği belirtilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yine öğrencilerin konuşma becerisine olan düşünceleri saptanmaya çalışılmış bu beceriye önem verip vermemeleri sorulmuştur. Bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden fenomenoloji deseni kullanılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniğiyle toplam 88 öğretmen adayından veriler elde edilmiştir ve betimsel analiz yöntemiyle analizler yorumlanmıştır.
Göçmen çocuklara yönelik hazırlanan dil öğretim programının karşılaştırması: Türkiye ve Almanya örneği
Mart 2011 yılında Suriye'de çıkan iç savaştan dolayı Türkiye'ye sığınan Suriyeli göçmen çocuklara yönelik hazırlanan dil öğretim programı ile 2014'te Ukrayna'nın Donetsk ve Luhansk bölgelerinde başlayan ve 24 Şubat 2022'de Rusya'nın tüm Ukrayna'ya saldırmasıyla genişleyen savaştan dolayı Almanya ya sığınan Ukraynalı göçmen çocuklar için kullanılan dil öğretim programı incelenmiştir. Bu programda Suriyeli göçmen çocukların yerleşmek zorunda kaldıkları başta dili olmak üzere hiçbir şey bilmedikleri bir ülkede entegre olmalarını kolaylaştırmak ve dil edinimlerine yardımcı olması adına Avrupa Birliği(AB) ve Milli Eğitim Bakanlığının (MEB) birlikte yürüttüğü "Promoting Inclusive Education For Kids In The Turkish Education System" Türkçe adıyla "Türk Eğitim Sisteminde Çocuklar İçin Kapsayıcı Eğitimin Desteklenmesi Projesi" ile Rusya'nın tüm Ukrayna'ya saldırmasıyla genişleyen savaştan dolayı Almanya'ya sığınan Ukraynalı göçmen çocuklar için kullanılan dil öğretim programı olan DaZ (İkinci Dil Olarak Almanca) programının benimsendiği Uluslararası Hazırlık Sınıfları (Internationale Vorbereitungsklassen) karşılaştırılmıştır. Karşılaştırılan bu iki yabancı dil öğretim programı Diller İçin Avrupa Ortak Başvuru Metni' ne dayanarak yapılandırılmıştır. Yapılan çalışma doğrultusunda bu iki dil öğretim programının artı ve eksileri ortaya konulmuştur. Göçmen çocuklar için hazırlanan bu iki yabancı dil öğretim programı karşılaştırması yapılırken nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Karşılaştırma, her bir programın güçlü ve zayıf yönlerine ışık tutarak dil eğitimcileri ve politika yapıcılar için bilgiler sağlamayı amaçlamıştır. Elde edilen bilgiler, araştırmanın teorik çerçevesini oluşturmak ve araştırmanın odak noktasını belirlemek için kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde elde edilen bulgular, araştırmanın amaçlarına ulaşmak ve araştırma sorularını yanıtlamak için kullanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Göçmen çocuklar, yabancı dil, öğretim programı.
Toni Morrison'un Merhamet adlı romanında gotik unsurlar
Bu çalışmanın amacı, Toni Morrison'ın Merhamet (A Mercy) (2008) adlı romanında gotik unsurların kullanımını ispatlayarak yazarın bunları neden ve nasıl ele aldığını açımlamaktır. Yazar, geleneksel gotik kalıpları yeniden şekillendirerek köleliğin ve ırkçılığın travmatik mirasını, kadınların yalnızlığını ve sömürgeci şiddeti gözler önüne sermektedir. Morrison, esrarengiz mekânlar, bedensel çürüme, ölüm, yalnızlık ve psikolojik bölünme gibi klasik gotik unsurları kullanarak, Kolonyal Amerikan dönemini ele alır. Bu dönemdeki gotik atmosferin Amerikan psikesinde derin izler bıraktığı imasında bulunur. Yazar, gotik türü kuşaktan kuşağa aktarılan acıyı, atalara dair belleği ve kimliğin kökenlerini izlemek amacıyla da kullanır. Çalışma, Morrison'ın gotik unsurları yalnızca estetik bir tercih olarak değil, aynı zamanda tarihsel suskunlukları ifşa eden politik ve psikolojik bir araç olarak değerlendirdiği sonucuna ulaşmaktadır. Morrison'ın postmodern dönemde bu romanı yazarak Koloni dönemine dönmesinin amacı günümüzde bile o dönemin etkilerinin çözülmeden yaşıyor olduğunu göstermektir. Koloni dönemi 400 yıllık bir geçmişe dayanmasına rağmen benzer sorunlar çağdaş Amerikan toplumunda da devam etmektedir. Sonuç olarak bu önemli noktalara değinerek Morrison, günümüz Amerikan toplumunun sorunlarının Koloni dönemine kadar uzandığını gösterir. Çalışmanın ana hedefi, Morrison'ın gotik ögeleri sadece estetik bir seçenek olarak değil, kölelik, kadınların baskı altına alınması, travma ve toplumsal çöküş gibi önemli tarihsel ve sosyopolitik sorunları aydınlatmak amacıyla nasıl kullandığını ortaya koymaktır. Bu çerçevede çalışma, gotik unsurların sömürge döneminde Amerika'nın travmatik geçmişiyle ilişkilendirilerek günümüze nasıl taşındığını gösterir. Morrison'ın romanı üzerinden geçmişteki bireysel ve toplumsal acıların günümüzdeki tezahürlerinin araştırılması, hem edebiyat hem de kültürel bellek açısından önemli katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bu tez, özellikle gotik edebiyatın yalnızca korku veya fantastik anlatımlarla sınırlı olmadığını; aynı zamanda politik, tarihsel ve psikolojik analizler için zengin bir zemin sunduğunu ortaya koyması açısından önem taşımaktadır. Morrison'ın eseri çerçevesinde yapılan bu analiz, Afro-Amerikan edebiyatının çok katmanlı yapısını gözler önüne sermektedir
Suzan Lori Parks'ın Father Comes Home From The Wars ve Charles Fuller'in a Soldier's Play oyunlarının Gazi Edebiyatı Bağlamında incelenmesi
Bu çalışma, Suzan Lori Parks'ın Amerikan Sivil Savaşı (1861–1865) üzerine olan Father Comes Home from the Wars (Parts 1, 2 & 3) [Babam Savaştan Eve Dönüyor] (2015) ve Charles Fuller'ın 2. Dünya Savaşı (1939-1945) A Soldier's Play [Bir Askerin Oyunu] (1981) adlı oyunlarını Gazi Edebiyatı bağlamında incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Amerikan edebiyatının savaş sonrası döneme odaklanan bu iki önemli tiyatro eseri, Amerikan Sivil Savaşı'nın (1861–1865) yalnızca cephedeki etkilerini değil, aynı zamanda askerlerin savaş sonrasında yaşadığı psikolojik, toplumsal ve kimlik temelli sorunlarını da ele almaktadır. Tarihsel bağlam kullanılarak, savaşın birey üzerindeki kalıcı etkileri irdelenmiştir. Özellikle savaş sonrası kimlik bunalımı, travma, aidiyet sorunsalı ve toplumsal yabancılaşma gibi temalar ön plana çıkmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Gazi Edebiyatı yalnızca bir edebi alt tür olarak değil, aynı zamanda toplumsal hafızanın taşıyıcısıdır. Tez boyunca, savaşın Amerikan halkı ve devleti üzerindeki etkileri tarihsel olarak incelenmiş, 19. yüzyıldan günümüze kadar uzanan süreçte Gazi Edebiyatının geçirdiği dönüşüm ele alınmıştır. Parks ve Fuller'ın eserleri, bu edebi geleneğin çağdaş temsilcileri olarak konumlandırılmıştır. Savaşlar, yalnızca geçmişte yaşanmış askerî olaylar değil; Amerika'nın kimliğini, politikalarını ve bireysel yaşamları günümüzde de şekillendiren, edebiyata derin psikolojik ve toplumsal malzeme sunan dinamiklerdir. Bu nedenle Amerikan yazarlarının gündeminden düşmemektedir. Temel bulguları, savaşın askerler üzerinde sadece fiziksel değil, derin ve kalıcı psikolojik izler bıraktığını; savaştan dönen askerlerin topluma yeniden uyum sağlamakta zorlandığını ve çoğu zaman yalnızlaştığını ortaya koymaktadır. Yazarlar, gaziler için toplumsal ve siyasi temellerde de daha çok çabanın ifa edilmesi gerektiği ve gazilerin hayata geri kazandırılması gerektiği mesajını vermektedir. Bu bağlamda edebiyat, savaşın bireysel ve toplumsal sonuçlarını görünür kılan bir pencere işlevi görmektedir. Bu tez, Gazi Edebiyatına tiyatro metinleri üzerinden yaklaşarak, hem edebi çözümleme hem de tarihsel-toplumsal değerlendirme boyutlarını bir araya getirmekte; savaş-sonrası asker deneyimini anlamaya yönelik özgün bir katkı sunmayı hedeflemektedir.
Yabancı dil öğretiminde görev temelli öğretim: Detaylı bir sistematik derleme çalışması
Bu çalışma, Yabancı Dil Olarak İngilizce Öğretiminde Görev Temelli Dil Öğretimi yaklaşımı üzerine yürütülmüş ulusal ve uluslararası araştırmaları sistematik bir biçimde incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Öğrenci merkezli öğretim yaklaşımlarından biri olan TBLT, anlamlı iletişimi ve gerçek yaşamla bağlantılı görevlerin dil öğrenme sürecinde kullanılmasını ön plana çıkarır. Son yıllarda bu yaklaşım, öğrencilerin motivasyon, kaygı ve özgüven gibi duyuşsal faktörleri ile dil becerilerinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisi nedeniyle İngilizceyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenenler arasında giderek daha fazla ilgi görmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında, 2000–2025 yılları arasında yayımlanan kırk uluslararası ve yirmi beş ulusal çalışma incelenmiştir. Bu çalışmalar; araştırma yöntemi, katılımcı özellikleri, veri toplama araçları, hedeflenen dil becerileri, duyuşsal faktörlerle ilişkileri ve yıllara göre dağılımı açısından analiz edilmiştir. Hem nicel hem de nitel araştırma yöntemlerini kapsayan bu sistematik derleme, TBLT'nin güncel eğilimlerini ve öğretimsel yansımalarını bütüncül bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, TBLT'nin öğrencilerin konuşma, yazma, okuma ve dinleme becerileri üzerinde anlamlı bir gelişme sağladığını ve motivasyon ile derse katılımı olumlu yönde etkilediğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, teknolojiyle bütünleştirilmiş görev temelli uygulamaların öğrenen katılımını artırdığı ve derse yönelik olumlu tutumları desteklediği belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, görev tasarımı, öğretmen yeterliliği ve ölçme-değerlendirme süreçleri gibi bazı uygulama zorluklarının devam ettiği görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak bu sistematik derleme, TBLT'nin yabancı dil öğretiminde etkili, yenilikçi ve duyuşsal yönü güçlü bir yaklaşım olduğunu vurgulamakta; gelecekteki araştırmalar ve sınıf uygulamaları için görev temelli ilkelerin daha verimli biçimde entegrasyonuna yönelik öneriler sunmaktadır.
Metin okumanın yabancı dil öğrenimine etkisi
Yabancı dilde metin okumanın, dil öğrenimine etkisinin incelenmesi amacıyla yapılan bu araştırmada nicel araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Bu modele uygun olarak hâlen aynı sınıfta yabancı dil öğretimi almakta olan yetişkin Türkofon Almanca öğreniciler arasından Gönüllü Olur Formu alınmış deney ve kontrol grupları oluşturulmuştur. Kontrol grubu, normal eğitim müfredatında eğitim almaya devam ederken, deney grubuna normal eğitim müfredatının yanında dört aylık bir yabancı dilde (Almancada) metin okuma çalışması uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın evreni, D1'i Türkçe olup Almancayı D2 olarak öğrenmek isteyen bütün Türkofon yetişkinleri kapsamaktadır. Ancak böylesine geniş bir evreni ölçmeye olanaklar elverişli olmadığından, araştırmanın kapsamı Elazığ ilinde bulunan Özel Bilgi Başarı Cevap Kursu'ndaki öğreniciler ile sınırlı tutulmuştur. Araştırmada okuma etkinliğinin, öğrenicilerin okuduğunu anlama, dinleme, yazma ve konuşma becerilerini geliştirdiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bunun yanı sıra bu etkinliğin, öğrenicilerin en çok okuduğunu anlama becerilerini geliştirdiği, diğer becerilerin de gelişmesine katkıda bulunduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Feminist stylistics in Ahdaf Soueif's Aisha
Stylistics is primarily concerned with deconstructing meanings and their established interpretations. Many feminists have taken an interest in stylistics recently, and feminist stylistics relies mainly on feminist theories, which include a particular interest in patriarchal values that degrade women and marginalize their societal position. This study explores the feminist discourse in the novel Aisha by Ahdaf Soueif, which is considered one of the traditional fictional novels that depict Arab women in a patriarchal society. Aisha is a feminist novel that deals with oriental women's issues. Those women are mostly portrayed as sexual objects and weak and submissive to their male counterparts. Feminist stylistics emerged in response to these demeaning perceptions of women, and it aimed to eliminate these stereotypes in language and society. In this regard, feminist stylistics exposes the unsustainable assumptions of traditional stylistics by putting gender issues at the core of the textual analysis. Highlighting gender discourses in different texts, including linguistic and thematic differences, is central to this feminist method. Within this context, the first chapter of the study will give comprehensive definitions of the roots of the stylistics, its origin, its formation, and how it merges with feminist theory to form Feminist Stylistics. The second chapter is an introduction to the life and literary career of Ahdaf Soueif with a brief focus on her work, Aisha, which includes eight stories linked to each other. In this study's third, fourth and fifth chapters, Sara Mills's feminist stylistic models are used to analyse the stories according to four levels. The feminist stylistics approach is applied to word/phrase level, sentence level, and discourse analysis level. Applying the feminist stylistic approach to Soueif's stories, it is aimed to reveal how gender representation in language reflects the patriarchal culture. Thus, this study based on feminist stylistics examines sexism in the stories and how point of view, agency, metaphor, or transitivity are directly related to gender, which distinguishes women's writing habits from men's writing.
A material feminist approach to William Shakespeare's Hamlet
The purpose of this thesis is to bring the material, specifically the materiality of the human body and the natural world, to the forefront of feminist theory and practice with a special focus on William Shakespeare's renowned play Hamlet. Drawing on material feminist literary criticism as the principle guiding paradigm and contributing to the previous Shakespearean scholarship, this thesis will explore the manner in which Ophelia, in Hamlet, offers fresh insights into the reconsideration of many dichotomous categorizations, including culture/nature, man/woman, and human/nonhuman. In this regard, this study considers the materiality of the body as an active force with a special emphasis on lived experience, corporeal practice, and biological substance. Drawing mainly upon materialist feminism, coalescing around postmodern and poststructural theories, this study critically investigates whether the correlation between materiality, body, nature, and woman in Hamlet is a cultural construction. Therefore, this study indicates that Shakespeare's representation of Ophelia's entanglement with the natural world in Hamlet can offer a sense of fluidity between dichotomous categorizations, including culture/nature, man/woman, and human/nonhuman, considered and interpreted as a set of meaning-making practices.
Collocational errors among Iraqi EFL learners writings
This thesis entitled "Collocational Errors Among Iraqi EFL Learners Writings" sets out to describe the place of collocational knowledge in language skills by referring to the relevant literature. More specifically, this study seeks answer to the question "What are the most frequent collocation errors among Iraqi EFL students?". This paper starts with an introduction to the concept of collocation along with subsections on the purpose and significance of the study. It is followed by an ample literature review which elaborates on the definition of collocations, their types and previous studies on collocation in learning English. The findings demonstrated that low collocation frequency and the impact of L1 were the two main reasons of the participants' collocational errors. Mutual Information and the frequency of collocation components were found to be ineffective in generating correct collocations because they did not result in collocation errors. The implications of these findings for teaching are then covered. Furthermore, recommendations for ways that researchers and material designers will be able to create better language teaching materials with regard to collocations, taking into account major constituents that frequently reason difficulty in collocations, were made., this paper ends with a discussion and concluding remarks summarizing the whole subject briefly and giving a concise meaning of the thesis.
Secondary school Turkish EFL teachers' beliefs in self-regulated learning
Self-regulated learning (SRL) which has long been valued as an effective approach in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) is a broad term comprising both cognitive and affective components and concerning the notion of the learner-centred way of teaching. It entails students taking an active role in their own learning by managing their thoughts, emotions, and behaviours during the learning process (Zimmerman, 1990). Self-regulated learners taking responsibility for their learning process are better equipped to continue learning beyond the formal education system. They develop the skills and strategies needed to learn independently, which is essential for success in today's rapidly changing world. Therefore, investment in SRL is needed to prepare students to become lifelong learners who can adapt to the 21st century by tackling the challenges of real life and the workplace. As teachers are one of the most important stakeholders guiding students in the learning process, they need to be aware of their leading role in promoting and nurturing SRL in their classrooms. In this respect, it is crucial to understand the beliefs of EFL teachers. In the Turkish context, studies on SRL in the field of EFL are relatively scarce. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate Turkish EFL teachers' beliefs in self-regulated learning and to determine whether gender, age, teaching experience and undergraduate area of study influence their beliefs in SRL. Further, this study aims to examine Turkish EFL teachers' thoughts on SRL. In line with the aim of the study, the research questions are the following: 1) What are the beliefs of Turkish EFL teachers in SRL in EFL teaching? a) Is there any significant difference among beliefs of EFL teachers in SRL in terms of gender, age, teaching experience, and undergraduate area of study? 2) What are the thoughts of Turkish EFL teachers on SRL in EFL teaching? The study was designed as mixed-method research consisting of both quantitative and qualitative research methods. In the exploratory sequential design, firstly the quantitative data and then the qualitative data were collected and analysed. Accordingly, quantitative data were obtained through the questionnaire to answer the first research question, and qualitative data were obtained through semi-structured interviews to answer the second research question. The participants of the quantitative part of the study consisted of 170 EFL teachers working at secondary schools in Elazığ. For the qualitative part of the study, 15 teachers participated in semi-structured interviews voluntarily. SPSS 21 was used to analyse the quantitative data and qualitative data were analysed through content analysis. The findings of the study provided remarkable information about Turkish English teachers' beliefs and thoughts on SRL. The quantitative results of the study revealed that EFL teachers found SRL valuable and necessary for academic success and acknowledged the facilitating role of the learning environment in the enhancement of SRL. EFL teachers also appreciated the positive impact of collaboration on students' SRL skills. One of the most important findings of this study is that although Turkish English teachers have positive beliefs about SRL, they doubt its applicability in secondary schools due to students' capacity. Examining the findings of the current study with regard to the participant's demographic variables, it was revealed that while teachers' age, teaching experience, and undergraduate educational field were not statistically significant predictors of their beliefs in SRL, there was a difference with regard to gender variable, favouring female participants who have higher SRL perception. The qualitative results of the study reflected the thoughts of EFL teachers on SRL. In line with the quantitative part of the study, it was found that EFL teachers have some misconceptions and lack of knowledge about SRL. In addition, it was detected that there was inconsistency between their beliefs and practices. Finally, both facilitating and constraining factors affecting teachers' belief about SRL were analysed in terms of context-level, teacher-level, student-level and parent-level. This study explored Turkish EFL teachers' beliefs and thoughts on SRL and it will contribute to the field with its valuable results. Keywords: Self-Regulated Learning, EFL, Teacher Belief, Teacher Thought
A paraenesis for humanity: James Bradley's Clade in the light of (Post)apocalyptic literature
The purpose of this thesis is to reveal the post(apocalyptic) elements in Australian writer James Bradley's novel, Clade (2015) by searching for traces of the apocalyptic literature/genre. Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic literature, which are the two sub-genres of science fiction literature, are based on religious grounds. These two sub-genres have also been sources of inspiration to many writers of gothic literature. In the 20th century, technological developments and changes that were perceived as threats to humanity and its future, such as climate change, nuclear dangers, pandemics, robots, and wars, have caused concern all over the world. This concern has prompted many writers, filmmakers, and intellectuals to produce works to admonish, raise awareness and even warn humanity. From an ecological point of view, Bradley's novel Clade is about Adam and his family trying to survive in a world where a dangerous virus has spread. In the novel, the characters experience the end of the world, namely the apocalypse. The work contains the events and phenomena that can be characterized as both apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic in the context of these events. Bradley points out and warns how humanity is harming itself because of unlimited and immoderate science. In the thesis, all these elements are examined and resolved in light of the views of critics such as Connor Pitetti.
Türkçe ve Almanca frazemlerde "su" ve "ekmek" kavramlarının anlam analizi
Dil, kişilerin duygu ve düşüncelerini ifade ettiği doğal bir iletişim sistemidir. Genel anlamda kişiler, çevresinde olup bitenlerin yanı sıra dünyayı algılama biçimini konuştukları dile yansıtırlar. Özellikle belirli bazı durumların aktarımında kalıplaşmış söz öbeklerinden frazları kullanırlar. Fraz, kullanıldığı toplumun kültürel özelliklerini yansıtan süslü ve özlü ifadelere denir. Çoğunlukla gerçek anlamları dışında kullanılan bu tür ifadelerin yabancı dil öğretiminde anlaşılması güçtür. Ancak hedef dilde normlara uygun iletişimde bulunmak isteyen her yabancı dil öğrenicisinin bu tür ifadeleri özellikle bilmesi gerekir. Yaşam için gerekli gıdalardan iki önemli kavramı içeren frazemlerle sınırlandırılan bu çalışma için Türk ve Alman kültüründe su/Wasser ve ekmek/Brot içerikli metaforik ifadeler önce tarama yöntemiyle taranarak tespit edilmiş, ardından karşılaştırmalı dilbilim yöntemi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Yapılan tarama sonucunda Türkçede 101 adet su, 20 adet ekmek kavramını içeren toplam 121 frazem; Almancada ise 46 adet Wasser, 21 adet Brot kavramını içeren 67 adet olmak üzere toplam 188 frazem tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan inceleme sonucunda her iki dilde su kavramlarıyla oluşturulan frazemlerin çoğunluğunun olumsuz, ekmek ile oluşturulanların ise olumlu anlam taşıdığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra frazemlerin çoğunun mecaz, az bir kısmının ise gerçek anlamlarıyla kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca hedef dillerde incelenen frazemlerin en az 2 en fazla 9 kelimeden oluştuğu saptanmıştır. Dilbilgisel anlamda tek kelimeli frazemlerin varlığı bilinmesine rağmen hem su hem ekmek kavramlarının her iki dilde de tek başına birer frazem olarak kullanılmadığı belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma, beş ana bölümden oluşmaktadır: Birinci bölümde; çalışmanın problemi, önemi, amacı, literatür taraması, metodu ve sınırlılıklarına yer verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde; yabancı dil öğretiminde fraz ve frazem, frazeoloji, frazemlerin özellikleri, frazemlerde kullanılan söz sanatları yanı sıra anlam ve anlambilime ilişkin genel bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde; Türkçe ve Almanca frazemlerinde kullanılan su/Wasser ve ekmek/Brot kavramlarının tespiti için kullanılan yöntemlere değinilmiştir. Ardından her iki dilde bu kavramlar kullanılarak oluşturulan frazemler tespit edilmiştir. Dördüncü bölümde; tespiti yapılan bu frazemlerin çözümlemesine yer verilmiştir. Son bölümde ise tespiti yapılmış frazemlere ilişkin varılan sonuç ve tartışma kısmına yer verilmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Fraz, Frazem, Frazeoloji, Türkçe, Almanca
Colonialism and slavery in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Toni Morrison's A Mercy
The goal of this research is to examine Colonialism and Slavery in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness (1899) and Toni Morrison's A Mercy (2008). Colonialism is the act of a culture or state that governs and exploits other communities and states by overt or covert means. The concepts colonialism and imperialism are frequently used interchangeably; imperialism refers to European powers' expansionist efforts since the mid-19th century. Heart of Darkness is a voyage to the dark depths of Africa as well as the mysterious heart of man. The novel is as current and global as the day it was written. Throughout the novel, Conrad raises a question about the meaning of existence. Slavery is the unpaid employment and socio-economic exploitation of people outside of western civilization by others. Throughout history, people in generally undeveloped countries have been used as slaves by powerful countries for certain purposes. In Toni Morrison's A Mercy, many topics such as slavery, racism, the differences between white and black people, the troubles of women and children, and farm life are mentioned. In the work, it is mentioned that Africans were brought to America as slaves and sold there as commercial objects in exchange for money. In this context, this study, which analyzes Colonialism and Slavery in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, which deals with the problems Africans are exposed to, and Toni Morrison's A Mercy, which deals with the lives of slaves in America, reveals that colonialism and slavery are cruel, violent and difficult to resist. In our study, the socio-economic comparison method of two similar novels was used as a method. Our aim is to determine the similarities and differences of the novels that deal with different periods with their socio-economic and historical dimensions. In the novels that deal with these different places and different periods, it is seen that the adornment of colonialism and slavery is the same, but there are differences in practices. Keywords: Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, Toni Morrison, A Mercy, Colonialism, Slavery.
American dream of success and how it drifts people to existential loneliness: Richard Yates' Revolutionary Road
Since its discovery, America has been seen as a land of opportunity, a place where people could start fresh and achieve their dreams. It has attracted individuals from diverse backgrounds, drawn by the promise of basic rights and the chance to build a new life. For generations, the American Dream has been a central element of the nation's cultural identity, symbolizing the belief that success and upward mobility are attainable through effort, perseverance, and creativity. This ideal has long served as a source of hope and aspiration. This study traces the evolution and critique of the American Dream, from its Puritan origins to the present day. It explores how figures like Benjamin Franklin and Abraham Lincoln shaped the nation's core values of freedom and self-governance, and how Horatio Alger's "rags to riches" stories captured the Dream's promise during the Civil War and industrial expansion. After World War II, the American Dream shifted, becoming associated with material prosperity—owning a house, a car, and living in the suburbs. The study focuses on the Wheeler family in Richard Yates' Revolutionary Road, who strive to hold on to the high ideals imposed by the American Dream. Frank and April Wheeler, disillusioned with suburban life and convinced of their uniqueness, struggle to reconcile their dreams with the reality of their lives. April's tragic efforts to escape her trapped existence illustrate the widening gap between aspiration and reality. Through sharp realism, Yates critiques the disillusionment with the American Dream, exposing the loneliness and conflict behind the façade of suburban success. Although once a source of hope, the American Dream today is often seen as a myth. What was once viewed as a pathway to success has become an illusion, as social and economic realities make it increasingly unattainable for many. This study ultimately reveals the harsh truths behind the ideal, showing how it has shifted from a dream to an unreachable myth. Key Words: American Dream of Success, Revolutionary Road, Richard Yates, Existential Loneliness.
The female exploration in a patriarchal society as reflected in Virginia Woolf's 'The Voyage Out' and Halide Edip-Adivar's 'Handan'
The present thesis examines the female explorations and the emergence of `new women identity? in patriarchal Victorian and Ottoman societies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by focusing on Virginia Woolf?s The Voyage Out and Halide Edip-Adıvar?s Handan. The two novels are analyzed and evaluated by putting the feminist approach and the mental attitudes appropriate to the historical contexts of the mentioned periods in the centre.The first chapter points to the social transformations in Victorian England and Ottoman Empire concerning `the new women identity?. Moreover, the psychoanalytic theories related to the construction of gender roles and identity acquisition process are emphasized to clarify better the relationship between women and men.In the second chapter, the personal life stories and women perceptions of Virginia Woolf and Halide Edip-Adıvar are studied in details by making a comparative analysis in order to form a sound basis for the evaluation and analysis of the novels in terms of new and independent female identity explorations in patriarchal societies.In the last chapter of the thesis, the precedent novels of the writers, The Voyage Out by Virginia Woolf and Handan by Halide Edip-Adıvar, are compared and examined through the feminist psychoanalytic approach to show the existential struggles and the self-identity explorations of women in their patriarchal societies.At the end of the thesis, it is concluded that the patriarchal system and its dictates based on religion and moral values play an important role in the female identity formation process, and set a bar against women in their search to gain their self-esteems and independent women identities. Naturally, it is also seen that Virginia Woolf and Halide Edip-Adıvar, as being women and writers having been brought up in such kinds of patriarchal societies, are not able to become free from the social, political and ethic influences of their eras, which affects the subjective experience and female creativity shaping their literary works.
The Victorian künstlerroman
This study includes the main characteristics of the Victorian literature in general and the Victorian Künstlerroman in particular. The fundamental aim is to make a comparison between the male and female Künstlerromane in relation to the gender differences.In the first chapter, the main genres of the Victorian age, the issues about the gender distinctions in the nineteenth century fiction, the basic traits of the Künstlerroman, and the other sub-categories of the Victorian Bildungsroman are mentioned. More specifically, the definition of the Künstlerroman, and the main male and female examples are analyzed.In the second chapter, Charles Dickens? David Copperfield and Elizabeth Barrett Browning?s Aurora Leigh are introduced as the male and female epitomes of the Victorian Künstlerroman. In this comparative analysis, the main similarities and differences between these two texts are introduced in relation to the gender matters and the condition of the male and female artists in society. In this context, the process of the self-construction of the protagonists as individuals and artists are compared in the frame of their experiences. The conclusion of this comparative analysis is that both David Copperfield and Aurora Leigh include the main characteristics of the Künstlerroman, however, they differ in some thematic concerns in relation to the gender differences.
A thematic comparison of metaphysical poetry and sufi literature
The present thesis is a research on the 17th century English Metaphysical poetry, which is compared to the Turkish Sufi literature that appeared in Anatolia in the 12th century starting with Ahmed Yesevi.Poems by John Donne and George Herbert representing Metaphysical poetry and Ahmed Yesevi and Yunus Emre in Sufi literature are explained with their general thematic aspects. The love of God, death, and unity of entity (Vahdet-i Vücud) are main topics emphasized in poems, and relation to which the similarities and differences are stated in the comparative part of the thesis.