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Kuzey Irak'taki Baranti Ovası'nın coğrafi bilgi sistemi ve uzaktan algılama kullanılarak sulama planlaması
Water is crucially important as the basic source of life on Earth in arid and semi-arid regions. These areas face the direct impacts of climate change, requiring careful attention to groundwater resources. This study focuses on the Baranti plain,The Baranti Plain is located approximately 25 km north of Erbil in Iraq and spans an area of 445 km2. The Great Zap River flows through its northern region, with an average discharge of about 400 m3 per second. In response to the challenges faced in this area, the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources collaborated with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) to gather essential data. This comprehensive dataset included monthly records from 2000 to 2021, with a particular focus on groundwater level monitoring in September. On average, groundwater levels in the area have fallen by 23 meters overall, although there are variations in different locations. Notably, private wells within the region showed varying degrees of depletion. For example, Ganj Gowra well saw a drop of 19.65 metres, Garda Chal well decreased 10.4 metres, Jadida Zab well decreased 35.39 metres, Sebirani Gowra well saw a decrease of 15.87 meters, Qafar village well decreased 11.74 metres, and Jjnikan Ababakr village well decreased 18.2 metres 5 meters, the well at Kawar Goski village suffered a sharp decline of 53.15 metres. Additionally, urban sprawl in the region increased by 7.8%, while the number of wells rose from 257 in 2006 to 627 in 2021. To meet the challenges of groundwater depletion and irrigation facilitation for farmers' fields, three possibilities were tested. The first was the construction of ponds, the second was the distribution of water through pipes, and the third was the construction of concrete channels. while the second and third relied on the Great Zap River as a means of transporting water to the plain. The first way was to build 15 ponds with a storage capacity of 5.7 million cubic meters. This is a very low rate of irrigation that is only good for improving the groundwater in the area. The second way was to distribute water through pipes. It had the capacity to irrigate 65% of the region's agricultural land, but it was expensive and difficult to manage. The third way is that concrete canals have the capacity to irrigate 68% of the agricultural land area and are easier to manage at a lower cost. Finally, the construction of artificial concrete canals emerged as the most effective solution to rejuvenate the area and solve the challenges faced by farmers.The project has the capacity to irrigate more than 30,000 hectares of land, benefiting more than 1200 farmers. It is expected to stop the use of over 600 wells for irrigation and potentially raise groundwater levels by about 2.5 m annually. Our work revealed that addressing groundwater depletion requires installing canals, rainwater harvesting, farmer education, modern irrigation, drilling restrictions, and supporting water. This paper provides valuable insights about sustainable water management practices and the importance of integrating GIS technology in the planning and implementation of water resource projects in semi-arid regions.
Topraksız kültür ortamında yapılan hıyar yetiştiriciliğinde farklı azot dozlarının verim ve bazı kalite unsurları üzerine etkisi
Bu ara tırma, kum ve perlit ortamlarında yapılan hıyar (Cucumis sativus L.)yeti tiricili inde, artan miktarlardaki azot (120, 160, 200, 240 mg N l-1) dozlarınınbitki geli mesi, besin elementi alımı ve bazı kalite unsurları üzerine etkisininbelirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmı tır. Genel olarak yeti tirme ortamlarının hıyar geli imive gözlemi yapılan parametreler açısından etkisi önemsiz bulunmu tur. Azot dozlarıise bitki geli imini önemli ölçüde etkilemi tir. Yapılan regresyon analizlerisonuçlarına göre optimum N dozu, bitkilerin morfolojik özellikleri için 160-231 mgN l-1, meyve kalitesi için yakla ık 160 mg N l-1 olarak bulunmu tur. Azot dozunaparalel olarak ortamdan kaldırılan bitki besin elementlerinden N, P ve Ca miktarlarıartı gösterirken K ve Mg miktarları ise 200 mg N l-1 dozundan sonra dü ügöstermi tir. Azot kullanım etkinli i de erleri % 11-22 arasında de i mi tir. N dozuarttıkça N kullanım etkinli i dü mü tür.ANAHTAR KEL MELER: Azot , hıyar, kum, perlit, topraksız tarım.
Arazi kullanım türü değişiklilerinin bazı toprak fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine etkisinin araştırılması
Tokat-Zile ilçesine bağlı Binbaşıoğlu ve Belpınar Köylerinde yürütülen bu çalışmada, arazi kullanım türü değişiklilerinin toprakların bazı fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında farklı arazi kullanımına sahip toprakların aşınıma duyarlılık, tekstür, çok ince kum, iskelet yüzdesi, agregat stabilitesi, hacim ağırlığı, dispersiyon oranı, hidrolik kondaktivite, kireç, pH, EC ve organik madde gibi özellikleri değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma konuları Belpınar Köyü sürekli tarım arazisi (A), Belpınar Köyü tarım arazi kullanım türünden orman arazi kullanım türüne çevrilmiş arazi (B), Binbaşıoğlu Köyü sürekli tarım arazisi (C), Binbaşıoğlu Köyü sürekli mera arazisi (D), Binbaşıoğlu Köyü sürekli orman arazisi (E) ve Binbaşıoğlu Köyü ormandan tarıma çevrilmiş arazisi (F). Araştırma konuları dispersiyon oranları % 15'in altında olmuş ve erozyona dayanıklı topraklar olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Benzer şekilde, araştırma konuları aşınıma duyarlılık değerleri az ve orta derecede aşınabilir topraklar olarak belirlenmiştir. İstatistiksel olarak yapılan karşılaştırmalar, bazı toprak özelliklerinde farklılık göstermesine rağmen güncel toprak bozulma süreçlerinin etkileri tüm araştırma konularında görülmüştür. Sürekli mera ve orman arazileri yeterli vejetasyona sahip olamamalarından dolayı yetersiz organik madde içeriği ve agregat stabilitesi göstermiştir. Sürekli tarım, ormandan tarıma dönüştürülen arazi ve tarımdan ormana dönüştürülen arazilerde aradan geçen sürenin 10 yıldan az olması nedeniyle, beklenen olumlu ve olumsuz bariz değişimler gözlenememiştir. Yörede bulunan mera ve orman alanlarının amaç dışı kullanımının engellenmesi, mera alanlarının zamanında ve çok yoğun olmayacak şekilde otlatılması, mera alanlarının gübrelenmesi ve orman alanlarının aşırı insan baskısına karşı korunması önerilmektedir. Tarım arazilerinde azaltılmış toprak işleme, ekim nöbeti ve analiz sonuçlarına göre gübreleme işlemi yapılması sürdürülebilir toprak yönetimi bakımından yararlı olacaktır.
Krakow'da kumlu toprakların keşfi: Pleıstosen teraslardan antroposen bahçelere
This thesis discusses the characteristics of sandy soils in Kraków, focusing on their particle size distribution, texture, and classification mainly based on World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB). The study reveals that soils in less anthropized areas are more homogeneous in particle size distribution and tend to have sandy textures. In contrast, soils in clearly anthropized regions have higher silt content. The correlation between sand content and various soil properties shows negative correlations with artefacts and anthropopressure, and positive correlations with brightness, chroma, lamellae, and slight podzolization processes. The pH values are higher in anthropized soils with artefacts, suggesting physicochemical changes due to human activity. The research also highlights the role of parent material, sand distribution, and various pedogenetic processes detected in the study area. The soils are classified as Anthrosols, Phaeozems, Umbrisols, Cambisols, and Arenosols based on the WRB (2022). The specific characteristics and classification of each soil profile are described, considering factors such as organic matter accumulation, slight podsolization, and human disturbance. Furthermore, the addition of aeolian materials was found to have a significant impact on the soil-forming processes in Kraków
Muszyna civarındaki mofet yaylarının toprakları
Mofettes are diffuse geological structures, one of the main features of which is the outflow of gas-enriched water. Carbon dioxide displaced by mofettes moves upwards from the lower crust or upper mantle through fractures or tectonic faults and further to the surface through the soil cover. The studied sites are located in the vicinity of Muszyna, in the Nowy Sącz district, in the Lesser Poland voivodeship, southern Poland. The aim of the present study was 1) to provide data on physical and chemical properties of soils surrounding the mofettes 2) to quantify selected forms of iron oxides on the intensity and duration of pedogenic processes associated with their formation. The profiles studied were classified as Gleyic soils. These soils were characterized by the grain size of clays or silty clays. Almost all soils, with the exception of Mofetta 2, showed decreasing values from upper to lower horizons in most properties, i.e., %SOC, %N, EC and exchangeable base cations. These properties varied in the profile of Mofetta 2. The analyzed forms of iron - amorphous iron and organically bound iron - showed no correlation. The vertical distributions of Feo and Fep are different for each soil profile. For these gleyic soils, Feo and Fep content decreased with soil depth. The Gox horizon of Mofetta 3 showed the highest values of Feo forms (13.41 g/kg), but the lowest values of Fep forms (0.89 g/kg).