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Aydınlatılmış onam ve insan hakları
Ötanazi, intihara yardım, tedavinin reddi gibi birçok tartışmalı konu tıp etiği ve hukukun işbirliğini gerektirmektedir. Tıbbi müdahalelerin ilgililerin hür iradesine dayanması gerekliliği de yine hukuk sistemlerince güvence altına alınmalıdır. Bu bağlamda, karşımıza çıkan kavram aydınlatılmış onam olacaktır. Hastaların kendilerine uygulanacak tıbbi müdahaleler hakkında yeterince bilgilendirildikten sonra ilgili müdahaleyi kabul ya da reddetmeleri anlamına gelen aydınlatılmış onam insan onuru ve özerkliğinin bir gereğidir. Aydınlatılmış onamın; insan onuru ve kendi kaderini belirleme hakkı, yaşama hakkı, sağlık hakkı gibi en önemli insan hakları ile yakın ilişkisi sebebiyle başlı başına bir insan hakkı olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Bu kabul aydınlatılmış onamdan beklenen faydaların gerçekleşebilmesi ve hasta özerkliği ve kendi geleceğini belirleme hakkının kâğıt üzerinde soyut bir kavram olarak kalmaması açısından önemlidir. Bu sebeple çalışma, aydınlatılmış onam hakkının etkinliği ve etkililiği bakımından tespit ve fikirler sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışma aydınlatılmış onamı; etik ve ahlak boyutu, neliği ve aydınlatılmış onam hukuku olmak üzere üç ayrı başlık altında irdelemektedir. Birinci bölüm aydınlatılmış onamın bir insan hakkı olarak kabulüne gerekli altyapıyı hazırlarken, ikinci bölüm çalışmanın teknik yönünü oluşturmaktadır. Üçüncü ve son bölüm ise uluslararası ve ulusal hukukta aydınlatılmış onamın konumuna ve bu konumun geliştirilmesi için yapılması gerekenlere işaret ettiği için önemlidir. Anahtar Kelimeler: aydınlatılmış onam, hasta özerkliği, kendi geleceğini belirleme hakkı, tıp etiği, insan hakları
Interdisciplinary research on picturebooks and comics for museums and cultural heritage sites
Picturebooks and comics are utilized as interactive learning tools for visitors in museums and cultural heritage sites. The museum visit bears various challenges for children, especially in regards to meaning-making, such as grasping the essence of artworks, understanding historical concepts, and orienting themselves in space. Picturebooks and comics can facilitate children's engagements in these cultural places through fiction, nonfiction, or hybrid narrations. While fictional narrations help accustom children to the subject and the environment, non-fiction offers them playful experiences based on knowing through art. The presented research reveals different aspects of children's picturebooks in museums and cultural heritage sites. First, it analyses the image and text relationships in select picturebooks published by museums and cultural heritage sites to map how children benefit from this relationship, in addition to writing, drawing, and designing activities that hone their creative skills. Second, it investigates interactivity in these books to understand how they can bolster children's embodied learning in art through sensory, hands-on, and spatial engagements. Based on this research, a picturebook project for the Pera Museum was developed as a case study to propose novel ways for children to interact with museum content.
Alimony debates in Turkey: Masculinist restoration, male self-victimization, and gender inequality
This thesis examines alimony debates that have been on public agenda in Turkey since 2016 in the context of neoliberal social policies and neoconservative familialist political discourse towards gender equality, family, and divorce. Article 175 of the Turkish Civil Code, which covers alimony regulations, stipulates that the spouse who fall into poverty upon divorce has the right to receive alimony for an indefinite period of time. In most cases, it is the woman who becomes entitled to receive alimony as a result of the deep-seated gender inequality in social, economic, and familial relations. In 2014, a group of people who called themselves as "alimony victims" started organizing on social media with a demand of introducing time limitation to alimony. The same year, a parliamentary commission was established to investigate the reasons for divorces and the factors that negatively influence the integrity of family, and "alimony victims" were invited to the parliamentary commission. The commission report, released in 2016, involved a recommendation on introducing time limitation to alimony. Since then, various groups, overwhelmingly consisting of men, have been protesting "male victimization" on the ground of the right to alimony as well as two other legislations; one on assuring gender equality and the other on the prevention of violence against women (the "Istanbul Convention" and Law No. 6284 respectively). The AKP (Justice and Development Party) government has emphasized "preventing divorces" as well as brought these legal rights into question in its political discourse, particularly since 2016. The thesis is grounded in the ethnographic research that was conducted between October 2018 and October 2020 that consists of 30 interviews with divorced men and women supporters actively involved in anti-alimony groups, divorced women, and divorce lawyers and feminist lawyers. It offers a three-fold discussion from a critical and feminist perspective. Firstly, it reveals the political influence on the rising anti-women's rights movement in contemporary Turkey within the context of the neoliberal restructuring of welfare and neoconservative familialism. Drawing from Deniz Kandiyoti's conceptualization of masculinist restoration, that is top-down and bottom-up efforts to maintain and reproduce patriarchy, thesis discusses alimony debates in the context of masculinist restoration. Secondly, based on interviews with men and women actively involved in anti-alimony groups, it investigates their experiences in marriage and divorce as well as the formation and workings of "male victimization" in anti-alimony discourse. In this sense, this thesis puts forth the concept of "male self-victimization" as one significant pillar of this masculinist restoration. Thirdly, interviews conducted with divorced women aim to shed light on common problems that women face during the process of marriage, divorce, and post-divorce. This thesis pays special attention to the financial and social consequences of divorce, to women's unpaid domestic work and to male violence in marriage and divorce in its analysis of experiences of both women and men. Keywords: divorce, alimony debates, neoconservative familialism, masculinist restoration, women's rights, male self-victimization, gender, Turkey, masculinity
On the threshold of the Black Sea: Intersecting discourses of identity and empire in the paintings of Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky
This dissertation examines the relationship between the visual arts and the imagination and construction of identities and spaces. It focuses on Ivan Konstantinovich Aivazovsky (1817-1900) within a cross-cultural network of meaning, in particular addressing the manifold functions of the visual arts in nineteenth-century Russian society, while attending to a diverse range of voices within, and beyond, Russian culture. This study examines how art and material culture were used to construct imperial, national, and social identities in the nineteenth-century Russian Empire and its southern coasts, and how these ways of making sense of the world interacted. Combining iconographic analysis of selected paintings, the context of nineteenth-century artistic milieus, and the biography of the artist, my research illuminates how the art of Aivazovsky was used to mediate critical stages in the relations of the nineteenth-century Black Sea world. It also shows how artistic and material contexts clarified the emergence of specific possibilities of national identity and their extension to the imperial. Analyzing Aivazovsky's oeuvre thematically, in Ottoman and Armenian as well as Russian contexts, while retaining the artist's intersecting identities (Russian, Russian-Armenian, and Armenian), facilitates a more nuanced understanding of nineteenth-century visual culture and cultural diplomacy involving Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and Armenia. Thus, art is shown to have functioned simultaneously as a process of building contextual cultural identifications and an instrument for cross-cultural and cross-imperial dialogue. Going beyond another round of national struggle for cultural ownership, the thesis investigates the complexity of context, artist, and oeuvre that emerged before the cultural hegemony of the nation. By contextualizing Aivazovsky as "in-between" and "across," rather than as embedded in the nation (or any given empire), this dissertation revises our understanding of his influence. A focus is placed on the function of the artist in respect of the histories, cultures, and politics of the peoples around the Black Sea and recalling of an older, more deeply rooted, artistic and intellectual cultural mapping of this region. By analyzing not only the ever-shifting state policies with respect to the Black Sea region but also the varying aspects of the Black Sea topography (and specifically the Crimean region) in the Russian imagination, I offer intriguing perspectives on the shifting sense of "Russianness" itself as the nation looked to move form a land-based (supposed backward) territorial empire to a maritime (forward-looking) imperial power. Locating in his creative works the features of his "national" character as a Russian imperial citizen, the expressions of the ancient culture of the Armenians, and his passion for the natural beauty of the Black Sea, my new approach views Aivazovsky as a painter, subject, and citizen operating simultaneously within, beyond, and across imperial borders and national imaginaries.
Bilinguals' logical inference-making and language tagging
Inference-making is a critical process in understanding and processing information daily. People synthesize inputs into a whole and retain the whole (gist) instead of specific parts (verbatim). False recognition of inferred information offers evidence for it. We conducted two studies to examine whether memory errors occur similarly when bilinguals are tested concurrently on two languages, and whether bilinguals remember the language in which the information is received (language tag). In two experiments, we tested Turkish-English bilingual students with Turkish, English, and dual-language sentence groups, which induced spatial inferences about objects. In Experiment 1, we found inferences were falsely recognized in Turkish and English conditions, but not in dual-language. We found no effect of individual cognitive differences. In Experiment 2, we found that false recognition of inferred sentences was predicted more by lower EF and higher L2. In both experiments, tag identification was overall accurate and partially predicted by higher cognitive functions. We conclude that inferring in L2 induces memory errors, and inferences are tagged with the language of encoding.
Sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoritelerin denetimine tabi pazarlarda rekabet hukukunun uygulanması
Sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoriteler ile rekabet otoritelerinin enerji, telekomünikasyon, bankacılık gibi regülasyona tabi pazarlardaki görev ve yetki alanları çakışabilmektedir. Böyle pazarlarda hangi kurumun müdahale mercii olması gerektiği hem doktrinde hem uygulamada tartışılagelmiştir. Bu tezde de sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoritelerin denetimine tabi pazarlarda rekabet hukukunun uygulanması konusu araştırılmaktadır. Tezin ilk bölümünde öncelikle devletlerin pazarlara müdahalesi ele alınacaktır. Bu kapsamda, yapısal piyasa aksaklıkları ile davranışsal piyasa aksaklıkları açıklanacaktır. İkinci olarak, bağımsız idari otoritelere, regülasyon hukukuna ve rekabet hukukuna ilişkin genel açıklamalarda bulunulacaktır. Son olarak ise, rekabet hukuku ile regülasyon hukuku arasındaki ilişki irdelenecektir. Bu kapsamda, iki hukuk dalının kesiştiği alanlar gösterilecek, iki hukuk dalı arasındaki ilişki çeşitli hukuksal ayrımlar bakımından irdelenecek ve son olarak sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoriteler ile rekabet otoritelerinin aynı anda yetkilerinin doğması halinde oluşabilecek senaryolara değinilecektir. İkinci bölümde sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoritelerin denetimindeki pazarlarda rekabet hukukunun nasıl uygulandığı araştırılacaktır. Öncelikle Avrupa Birliği Komisyonu ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Federal Yüksek Mahkemesi'nin yaklaşımları ele alınacaktır. Akabinde, iki hukuk sisteminde yaklaşımın farklı olduğu sonucuna varılarak bu farklılığın nedenlerine yer verilecektir. Devamında, Türk Rekabet Kurulu'nun konuya dair yaklaşımı ele alınacaktır. Üçüncü bölümde öncelikle ülkemizde uygulanan tamamlayıcılık modelinin ortaya çıkardığı sorunlar ele alınacaktır. Bu çerçevede, ülkemizde uygulandığı haliyle tamamlayıcılık modelinin ne bis in idem ilkesi ve ölçülülük ilkesine aykırı sonuçlar doğurma, çelişkili kararlara yol açma, sektöre özgü BİO'nun denetlenmesine yol açma ve zaman ve kaynak israfına neden olma ihtimali üzerinde durulacaktır. İkinci olarak, anılan sorunların çözülmesi adına ülkemizde nasıl bir model uygulanması gerektiği tartışılacaktır. Akabinde, mevcut Türk rekabet hukuku sisteminde başvurulabilecek rekabet savunuculuğu, iş birliği ve koordinasyon ilişkileri ve iptal davası açma imkânı gibi çözümler açıklanacaktır. Bu bölümde son olarak konu hakkında yasal düzenleme yapılmasının uygun olacağı belirtilecektir. Anahtar Kelimeler: rekabet otoritesi, regülasyon, sektöre özgü bağımsız idari otoriteler, tamamlayıcılık, ikame
Interstate labor market connectedness in the United States
This paper investigates the labor market connectedness across the US states. We apply the Diebold-Yilmaz Connectedness Index (DYCI) methodology to weekly initial unemployment claims to obtain connectedness measures across 51 states between 1989 to 2021. The system-wide connectedness increases during the US recessions since 1990. We also show that changes in the monetary policy stance affects the regional unemployment levels and their connectedness across states. A significant section of the thesis is devoted to analyzing the state-level initial unemployment claims and their connectedness across states during the COVID-19 recession. We show that in addition to the number of new COVID-19 cases, state-level government policy stringency and community mobility patterns play a critical role in explaining the unemployment dynamics during the COVID-19 recession. The same factors defined in relative terms over the pairs of states as well as distance and the value of shipments across states also explain the transmission of unemployment shocks across states during the COVID-19 recession.
Untold story of intra-party democracy: The case of Germany, Italy, and Austria
This research investigates the intra-party democracies of 19 countries. Based on the classical method of Most Similar Systems Design, Germany, Italy, and Austria are the cases to seek the nature and reasons of differences in intra-party democracies. These cases show how different states that share a common historical and political heritage have different levels of intra-party democracy. The thesis will answer why Germany, Italy, and Austria have different levels of intra-party democracy despite their similarities. The thesis will show that legal provisions and political party ideologies influence the degree of intra-party democracy. Party systems and party types can provide an alternative explanation to legal provisions. The level of democracy, GDP, and Governance levels of the countries are weak and insufficient to explain the different levels of intra-party democracy as these three countries have similar values. To examine the effects of legal provisions and political party ideologies on intra-party politics, this paper uses the Political Party Database Project index as a measure of intra-party democracy and an index constructed in this project to measure the related legal provisions for intra-party democracy. There are two main findings of this research. First, Germany, Italy, and Austria have different levels of intra-party democracy, which can be attributed to the presence of legal provisions regulating intra-party democracy. Second, political party ideologies show that left-wing or environmentalist parties are accepted as acting more democratically than right-wing parties without legal provisions, as in Italy and Austria. Finally, right-wing political parties can follow democratic principles for their internal action with well-established legal provisions, such as Germany.
Exploiting trading volume for volatility forecasting
In this paper, we propose a novel GARCH specification which embraces traded volume in a statistically coherent and computationally efficient way. To capture the dependence between traded volume and asset return volatility, the Mixture of Distribution Hypothesis (MDH) is used. We model the time evolution of the latent variable(return variance) ,which drives the bivariate relation in MDH, in the spirit of Generalized Autoregressive Score modelling technique. The resulting volume enhanced GARCH model has quite parsimonious yet flexible structure. Since the peculiar form of score driven models, the likelihood can be obtained in closed form and hence estimation procedure is computationally inexpensive. In an empirical application with IBM, PG and MSFT stock data, we estimate our novel model with its 3 variants. Moreover, standard GARCH models from the literature are considered for comparison. Our results highlight the superiority of volume enhanced models both in-sample estimates and out-of-sample predictions among competing models. Particularly, when we consider returns as t distributed, the gain from traded volume becomes pronounced in out-of-sample prediction study.
Sexual orientation microaggressions and psychological distress in LGBQ adults: A mediation model
Discrimination can take a subtle and insidious form in social life. Such form of discrimination, called microaggressions, are verbal, behavioral, and environmental attitudes and actions carrying prejudice towards disadvantaged minority groups. Experiencing microaggressions has been found as a threatening factor for psychological well-being, particularly in minority groups. Although the detrimental influence of racial microaggressions is well-studied, more research is needed for possible interactions in sexual orientation microaggressions regarding psychological well-being especially in non-Western contexts. Thus, the current study seeks to contribute to the growing literature through investigating sexual orientation microaggressions and psychological distress in Turkey. Participants were 326 lesbian, gay and bisexual individuals (70 lesbian, 77 gay, and 179 bisexual) with a mean age of 23.97 (SD = 5.67) recruited on the internet. The data were collected through online self-administered questionnaires measuring microaggressions, social problem-solving (SPS), psychological distress, internalized homophobia, and perceived social support (PSS). Results showed that microaggressions was positively correlated with psychological distress, but negatively correlated with PSS and SPS. It was found that experiencing microaggressions was significantly associated with greater psychological distress. Total PSS, PSS from family, and one of the coping styles of SPS (negative problem orientation) mediated the association of sexual orientation microaggressions with psychological distress. Internalized homophobia was not found to be a mediator in the same association. Results of moderated mediation analyses showed that gender did not have a significant moderating role in the mediation models. These results indicate that facing and having to deal with microaggressions puts yet another psychological burden on the shoulders of LGBQ individuals who are already dealing with various kinds of stigma and discrimination.