Prognostic value of genetic features in multiple myeloma patients followed at Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital between 2016 and 2024

AIM: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia characterized by plasma cell infiltration in the bone marrow, leading to excessive immunoglobulin production and various clinical manifestations, including lytic bone lesions, renal failure, hypercalcemia, and anemia. This study retrospectively evaluates the impact of cytogenetic features on disease prognosis and progression in MM patients followed in our clinic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 81 MM patients diagnosed at the Hematology Clinic of Sakarya University Training and Research Hospital between January 1, 2016, and December 31, 2024. Cytogenetic analysis was performed on bone marrow aspiration biopsy samples. Patient demographics, laboratory parameters, bone marrow biopsy findings, FISH analysis results, imaging data, treatments received, and treatment responses were collected from hospital records. RESULTS: Among the patients, 48.1% were female and 51.9% were male, with a mean age of 63.79±10.19 years. At diagnosis, 60.5% had at least one comorbidity, most commonly hypertension. The most frequent paraprotein subtype was IgG kappa. Cytogenetic analysis classified 76.5% as standard-risk and 23.5% as high-risk, with t(4;14) being the most common abnormality. The median overall survival (OS) was 33 months in standard-risk patients and 19 months in high-risk patients. Progression-free survival (PFS) was 26.5 and 15 months, respectively. Patients who underwent autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) had a median OS of 32 months and PFS of 25 months, compared to 14.5 months in non- ASCT patients. CONCLUSION: Cytogenetic features are critical for prognosis and treatment planning in MM. Early identification of high-risk patients through cytogenetic analysis enables personalized treatment strategies. Keywords: Autologous bone marrow transplantation, cytogenetic analysis, multiple myeloma