The Abbasid Caliph Qadir Billah and his period (381-422 / 991-1031)

The Abbasids, who took over the administration from the Umayyads through a revolution, is a dynastic state that ruled for five centuries in the Arabian Peninsula between the years 750-1258. Although powerful caliphs ruled the state with a rapid rise during the first century, due to the loss of power in the authorities of the caliphs from the second century on, the power had to share its powers with Amir al-Umaras and lost its influence. The Abbasids entered a period of important political, religious and social changes in the history of Islam for about a century, with the Shiite Buyids taking over Baghdad and the caliphate in 334/945. Buwayhi amirs were appointed as emîrü'l-ümera and had the sole say of the administration, and the caliphs continued their existence as leaders with a religious mission. In such a chaotic period and isolated from all authorities, the 25th Caliph of the Abbasids, Qadir Billah, who was assigned to the caliphate in 381/991 by the Buyid Emir Bahaüddevle, held the Caliphate position for about forty years. With its rational approach and strategic policies, Qadir Billah has demonstrated an effective management model by analyzing internal and external balances well. As a result, he added strength to the caliphate day by day and enabled Sunnism to re-establish dominance at a time when Shi'ism was flourishing. In the first ten years of his caliphate, Qadir Billah did not explain his policies due to his close relationship with Baháuddaw and the agreement that he would establish loyal relations, and therefore did not take a strict approach. Qadir Billah displayed a clearer stance over time, thanks to the opposition of the Hanbalis, the action group of Sunnism, to the Shiite policies, and the support of the Ghaznavids and Karakhanids, one of the powerful states of the period, who were unconditionally devoted to the Sunni faith. He revealed the requirements, determination and goals of Sunni politics by publishing a statement called İtikâdü'l-Kadirî (Qadiri Faith), which is described as the creed of the Sunni creed and is referred to by his own name. This research consists of five parts. In the first chapter, the political history of the Abbasids before Qadir Billah is mentioned and the conditions under which he took over the caliphate are revealed. In the second part, information about his life before the caliphate is given. In the third chapter, the political relations of Qadir Billah with the Buveyhi emirs Bahaüddevle, Sultânüddevle, Müşerrifüddevle and Celâlüddevle are examined under the title of domestic politics. Under the title of foreign policy, the status of the states and emirates that maintained their political existence in the region during or just before his caliphate and their relations with each other were examined. The Fatimids were evaluated under a special title as they had more intense relations with Ghaznavids and Karakhanids. In the fourth chapter, which constitutes the main axis of our study, the subject of palaces, hospitals was examined under the title of public works by giving information about the administrative, military, judicial and financial organization. In the fifth part of the study, the sectarian perceptions of the Shiite Buyids, who left their mark on the Abbasid political history and caused significant changes, and the strategies and policies of Qadir Billah to make Sunnism dominant again were examined. Again in this section, after giving information about the social life of the period under the title of social structure, information about the city and village phenomenon, slaves and concubines and non-Muslim people is given. After briefly mentioning the historical development of education under the title of education, the educational institutions of the period were introduced. Key Terms: Abbasids, Qadir Billah, Buwayhids, Shiites, Sunnis