Aktif banyolarda boltzmann dışı durgun dağılımlar ve denge dışı termodinamik yasaları

Most natural and engineered processes, such as biomolecular reactions, protein folding, and population dynamics, occur far from equilibrium and, therefore, cannot be treated within the framework of classical equilibrium thermodynamics. Here, we experimentally study how some fundamental thermodynamic quantities and relations are affected by the presence of the non-equilibrium fluctuations associated with an active bath. We show, in particular, that, as the confinement of the particle increases, the stationary probability distribution of a Brownian particle confined within a harmonic potential becomes non-Boltzmann, featuring a transition from a Gaussian distribution to a heavy-tailed distribution. Because of this, non-equilibrium relations (e.g. Jarzynski equality, Crooks fluctuation theorem) cannot be applied. We show that these relations can be restored by using the effective potential associated with the stationary probability distribution. We corroborate our experimental findings with theoretical arguments.