Aktif sensör görüntüleme ve mikrodalga hipertermi kullanarak meme kanseri tespiti ve tedavisi

Breast cancer is a health challenge all over the world, and it is the second leading cause of death among women all over the world. Early detection and effective treatment of the disease are important to improve survival rates by up to about 97%. This thesis designs and simulates a textile-based ultra-wideband (UWB) patch antenna that is specifically intended to serve dual purposes: early breast cancer detection and treatment using microwave hyperthermia. The design of an antenna that can work in the field of breast imaging and breast thermal therapy at the same time is a real revolution and a major development in this field. Due to its excellent accuracy and absence of harmful radiation, wideband microwave (UWB) imaging is considered to be an effective method for early diagnosis of breast cancer. Microwave hyperthermia is also an effective method for treating cancer and a suitable alternative to the methods currently used because it raises the temperature of the malignant tumor tissue while preserving the surrounding healthy tissue. The primary objective of this research is to develop a safe, accurate, not expensive, flexible, lightweight, and fully textile wearable microstrip patch antenna capable of operating efficiently within the UWB frequency range of 2–11.6 GHz, able to detect breast cancer and help treat it.The textile-based antenna design ensures user comfort and safety, allowing for portable, non-invasive medical applications. Obtaining such a wide bandwidth using textile materials is a major challenge. The integration of UWB microwave technology with textile-based antenna design provides a novel approach to addressing the limitations of conventional diagnostic and therapeutic methods. Given the limited size of the breast and the need for efficient tumor detection, a wearable antenna designed for this purpose must exhibit a wide bandwidth, compact dimensions, low specific absorption rate values, and high flexibility. Previous research on wearable UWB antennas has highlighted challenges related to these factors. To address these limitations, microstrip patch antennas were used. This study presents a new solution to biocompatibility issues through the use of a full-fabric-based antenna, breaking away from traditional approaches that typically use fabric as the substrate and metal as the conductor. The proposed antenna includes a denim substrate with a dielectric constant (∈r) of 1.7 and a thickness (h) of 0.7 mm. For the conductive patch and ground plane, a copper-nickel-silver-coated polyamide fabric, featuring a thickness of 0.11 mm, was used. The antenna was developed with dimensions of 31*31 mm2. The characteristics of a patch antenna depend largely on its dimensions. To work in a specific frequency range, the length and width must be calculated and chosen accurately. The research methodology includes the systematic design and simulation of the antenna structure using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio as an advanced electromagnetic simulation tool. Essential design factors, including return loss, impedance matching, bandwidth, specific absorption rate (SAR), Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and temperature distribution, are optimized to ensure the antenna performs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Patch antennas mainly operate in a narrow bandwidth, but several methods can be used to increase the bandwidth. In this work, the bandwidth was increased by adding cutoffs in both the conductive patch and the ground layer, in addition to using a partial ground plane. The partial ground plane length was optimized using the Trust Region Framework algorithm to achieve the best return loss values in the desired frequency range. The UWB antenna's performance is validated through extensive simulations on breast tissue phantom models. Compared to several computerized breast models in previous research that reduced tumor shapes by assuming them to be spherical only, this research used more realistic models assuming different tumor shapes and sizes that might be encountered in real scenarios. The antenna was tested on four computerized breast models. The models varied and included a basic tumor-free model, two models containing spherical tumors with a diameter of 5 and 2 mm, in addition to a model containing two tumors, and a final model containing a cube-shaped tumor. These dimensions and shapes were varied and their position changed to evaluate the ability of the proposed antenna to identify tumors of different shapes, sizes, and locations. Simulation results show that the high-resolution imaging capabilities of the antenna allow for the detection of tumors as small as 5 and 2 millimeters, enhancing the chances of early intervention. And it demonstrates the antenna's ability to achieve accurate tumor localization. Simulation findings for a single antenna indicated that SAR values ranged from 0.397 to 1.64 which were less than 2 W/g (10 g SAR) and consistent with permissible limits for medical applications. The highest SAR values are precisely measured in tumor centers or their immediate vicinity, and that indicates the presence of a malignance tumor at that point. Throughout the frequency band used in all experiments, VSWR values remained consistently within the permissible range between 1 and 2. Antenna return losses for all models varied between -38 and -18.5 dB, depending on tumor size, shape, and location. To evaluate the flexibility of the antenna, it was subjected to a bending test. Results of the bendable design showed that the antenna fits complex breast shapes, providing consistent and accurate diagnostic results. The performance of the antenna was further assessed beyond its application as a wearable device by evaluating its functionality in a dynamic system. This involved positioning the antenna at 112 different locations above a breast phantom and processing the resulting signals using MATLAB to generate a two-dimensional (2D) image. The generated image demonstrated the capability of the proposed antenna to effectively detect tumors, even when employed in a dynamic imaging setup rather than a wearable configuration. This highlights the versatility and adaptability of the antenna for various imaging system applications. In addition, a 2x4 element antenna array was designed and tested to measure the ability of the proposed antenna to be integrated in array systems which is critical for both cancer imaging and hyperthermia. In addition to detection, the antenna is designed for breast microwave hyperthermia. The research solves important issues related to microwave hyperthermia, including ensuring uniform heat distribution, ensuring patient safety, and reducing hot spots. Antenna performance in hyperthermic applications was evaluated using CST MPHISICS STUDIO software. Simulation results demonstrated the antenna's ability to selectively raise the temperature of malignant cells to the therapeutic thermal range while being able to maintain the temperature of healthy tissues within an acceptable medical range. Beamforming techniques were utilized to adjust the phase of signals emitted from designated antennas, assuring optimal directionality of the electromagnetic wave towards the tumor, hence facilitating precise targeting of malignant cells, even when located deep into the breast. This work demonstrates the feasibility of textile-based UWB antennas to elevate the temperature of breast cancers to adequate therapeutic levels. Our antenna shows the ability to increase tumor temperatures up to 42.3℃,45.6℃,43.3℃, and 42.4℃ using different adjustments. The results of this study demonstrate that the proposed UWB textile-based microstrip patch antenna is a viable tool for early breast cancer detection and microwave hyperthermia treatment. Its dual application in diagnostic and therapeutic areas, coupled with its wearability, makes it a great addition to the field of biomedical engineering. This thesis develops the next generation of medical devices by integrating UWB technology with textile-based antenna design. Its results demonstrate the potential of wearable, flexible, versatile, and fully textile-based microwave antennas to transform breast cancer management.