Investigation of concentrations and source apportionment of metals attached to PM2.5 and PM10 in Antalya ambient air

In this study, particulate matter with diameters less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and with diameters between 2.5 and 10 µm (PM2.5-10) were collected once in a two day period for 24 hours between July 2014 and July 2015 in Antalya with air sampler which is placed on the flat roof of Faculty of Engineering building in the Akdeniz University. Samples were analyzed using an energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) for a total of 15 elements which are Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Pb. Statistical parameters were calculated for all measured elements in fine (PM2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) fraction. Crustal elements, such as Ti, Ca, Al and Na were abundant in the course fraction. On the other hand, anthropogenic elements, such as S, As, Zn, Pb found in higher concentrations in the fine fraction. Element concentrations which are obtained in this study were compared with other studies at various sites around the world. Concentrations of most of the elements were found comparable with the values in the literature. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was applied to coarse and fine particle fractions to determine sources separately. Source locations were determined using Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and Conditional Probability Function analysis and pollutants arriving with local and long range transportation were separated from each other. Five factors were determined for both fine and coarse particle fractions. Fine particle fraction factors were identified as Mn mining emissions, secondary sulfate, combustion emissions, sea emissions and dust emissions; while coarse fraction factors were named as crustal dust, combustion emissions, sea salt, Mn mining emissions and road dust. Major sources in fine and coarse particulate fractions were identified as combustion and road dust factors, respectively.