Evaluation of some physicochemical parameters affecting the characterization of Çapakçur Stream (Bingöl) using freshwater snail (Viviparus contectus) and electrochemical processes

For sustainable environmental protection, it is critical to determine a proper and financially viable treatment method. The study evaluated a dual-stage treatment approach, combining freshwater snail-based biological treatment with electrocoagulation (EC) applied to the Çapakçur Stream. Electrocoagulation was applied as the secondary treatment following an initial stage involving Viviparus contectus. To comply with direct-discharge regulations, electrocoagulation (EC) was used to reduce the COD concentration (204.5 mg L⁻¹) in the Çapakçur Stream. The optimization of electrocoagulation conditions was carried out by assessing current densities (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 mA cm⁻²), an initial pH of 5, and reaction durations ranging from 5 to 20 minutes. The evaluation of treatment and operational expenses was performed in line with the optimal process parameters. The optimal COD removal performance (86.71%) by V. contectus occurred at pH 5 with 20 minutes of operational time. An operating cost efficiency of 1.25 $/kg COD was achieved by V. contectus under optimal conditions with aluminum electrodes. In conclusion, using a hybrid treatment process enables the removal of both organic and inorganic substances from wastewater.