Job search method preference by gender and its effect on wage differences

Methods of job seeking are an important research area that defines the strategies individuals use in their job search process and their behaviors during this process. In academic studies, these methods are generally categorized under topics such as individuals' own efforts in job search, the use of social networks (family, friends, relatives), and benefiting from public or private employment offices. Furthermore, job search behaviors are shaped by a variety of factors, ranging from individuals' motivation levels to the economic context. The primary aim of this study is to analyze how different job seeking methods employed by individuals interact with factors such as gender, age, marital status, educational level, regional differences, and sectoral preferences, to reveal the impact of these methods on equality of opportunities in the labor market, and to analyze the effect of job search methods on wages. Various job search channels vary according to individuals' socio-economic status and educational background, and this situation leads to some groups being in an advantageous position while others face disadvantages in accessing the labor market. In this context, the study aims to better understand the effects of job search methods and individuals' genders on the job search process, providing important findings for the development of policies. The study uses data from the 2023 Household Labor Force Survey conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute (TURKSTAT). It covers not only the methods used in job search processes across different regions of Turkey but also the demographic characteristics and wages of individuals who have found employment. The analysis was conducted using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method on the data. The findings show that women who found a job through their own efforts earn 25% less than men who used the same method, women who found a job through the help of family and friends earn 12.9% less than men using the same channel, women who found employment through the Turkish Employment Agency (İŞKUR) earn 14.2% less than men, and women who found a job through private employment agencies earn 21% less than men using the same method. These results are expected to guide individuals in their job search processes and contribute to the development of policies for the labor market. It has been particularly found that women's job search through family, friends, and relatives reduces wage inequality. Additionally, it has been determined that public employment offices are more frequently used by younger individuals with higher education levels. It is necessary that policymakers design strategies to ensure that job seeking processes are fairer and more accessible. In this regard, programs focused on improving job search skills for women are recommended.