Balance and control mechanisms in the presidential government system

The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which checks and balances are included in the new government system established by the 2017 constitutional amendments and how these mechanisms are designed. To conduct this analysis, the Presidential Government System, introduced as a system unique to Türkiye, must first be analyzed from a constitutional law perspective. To determine its position among major governmental systems worldwide, governmental systems will first be evaluated in general terms. To understand the process leading to the new system, the section analyzing the Presidential Government System will first present an overview of Türkiye's constitutional development from the Ottoman period onward, with emphasis on legislative, executive, and judicial relations. Reviewing these developments and major events will help analyze the background of the 2017 constitutional amendment. The following part examines the structure, functions, powers, and interrelations of the legislative, executive, and judicial organs within the new system. This constitutes the scope of the first chapter. The second chapter begins with the concept of checks and balances, focusing on the principle of separation of powers. After presenting its theoretical background, constitutional regulations concerning these mechanisms will be discussed. The mechanisms under the Presidential Government System are examined in two groups: tools of the executive and tools of the legislature. The President's powers to renew elections, return laws (veto), issue presidential decrees, make appointments, and send messages to Parliament are considered executive tools. The Parliament's powers to renew elections, hold general debates, ask questions, and conduct parliamentary inquiries and investigations are considered legislative tools. The amendments introduced by Law No. 6771 on the Amendment of the Constitution of the Republic of Türkiye are analyzed by comparing these mechanisms with those in the previous system and evaluating the criticisms directed at them.