Responsibility of Executive Organ and President in Presidential System of Government: A comparative analysis

The idea of "limitation of the executive and the adoption of the democratic government system" began to be discussed with the Ottoman-Turkish constitutionalism movements that started in the 1800s. Democratic government systems with different characteristics have been adopted over time along with the constitutional gains achieved. The parliamentary system, applied for a long time in the Republican period, was replaced by the "Presidential Government System" with the 2017 constitutional amendments. The executive and the responsibility of the president in the presidential government system in Turkey differs (in some aspects) from other democratic government systems. In this study, first of all, the executive (and the responsibility of the president) in Turkish constitutions in the historical process was examined. Especially, the executive power was analysed in detail in the Presidential Government System. The specific area of the study is the responsibility of the president. In this regard, the Presidential Government System and the responsibility of the president in the Ottoman-Turkish constitutions were compared. Then, responsibility of the president in the Presidential Government System and the parliamentary, presidential and semi-presidential systems was evaluated comparatively. In the light of the findings obtained within the framework of comparative constitutional law, it was aimed to present suggestions regarding the system. According to the findings obtained in the study, the responsibility of the president in the Presidential Government System differs in some aspects from the responsibility of the head of president in the parliamentary, semi-presidential and classical presidential system on which the system is based. In accordance with the principle of parallelism in authority and responsibility in the Presidential Government System, the responsibility of the president was increased. However, it is one of the findings of the study that the application of the increased responsibility, especially the criminal part, has been tied to more difficult conditions than before.