Effect of jackfruit oil extract supplementation on adipokine, cerebral, cardiac, intestinal responses and selected lysosomal and mitochondrial function parameters in experimentally induced obese rats

Obesity is an important public health problem due to its increasing prevalence and being associated with diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Adipokines are bioactive molecules that are secreted from adipose tissue and are associated with many diseases such as obesity, diabetes and cancer, which regulate insulin sensitivity and energy regulation as well as inflammatory and healing processes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of jackfruit oil extract supplementation on adipokine, cerebral, cardiac, intestinal responses and some lysosomal and mitochondrial function parameters in experimentally obese rats. For this purpose, 64 adult male Wistar albino rats between 8-10 weeks of age and weighing 195-215 g were used. The rats were randomly selected as 8 rats in each group with equal average body weights before the experiment and fed with a standard diet as follows: Control (C), J100, J200, J300; In the high-fat diet group, 8 groups were formed: YYDK, YDJ100, YDJ200 and YDJ300. The study groups were as follows: Group K: healthy group that was given standard diet and no jackfruit oil extract (JOE, jackfruit oil extract) (n=8), Group J100 mg/kg (J100): rats were given JOE at a dose of 100 mg/kg via oral gavage (OGV) (n=8), Group J200 mg/kg (J200): rats were given only OGV and 200 mg/kg JOE (n=8), Group J300 mg/kg (J300): rats were given only OGV and 300 mg/kg JOE (n=8), High Fat Diet Control (HFDC) group: experimental obesity induced by applying high fat diet and no jackfruit oil extract (n=8), Group YDJ100 mg/kg (YDJ100): rats were given daily OGV for 60 days. A total of 64 rats were created as follows: 100 mg/kg JOE group (n=8), YDJ200 mg/kg (YDJ200) group: rats experimentally obese by being given a high-fat diet were given 200 mg/kg JOE with daily OGV for 60 days (n=8), YDJ300 mg/kg (YDJ300) group: rats experimentally obese by being given a high-fat diet were given 300 mg/kg JOE with daily OGV for 60 days (n=8). Rats were fed with standard feed for 7 days to get used to the laboratory conditions (temperature (22–24 °C), relative humidity 35-40% and light/dark cycle (12 hours light, 12 hours dark)). Jackfruit oil extract was applied to groups J100, J200, J300 and YDJ100, YDJ200, YDJ300 by daily orogastric gavage for 8 weeks ad libitum. Weight changes will be determined by weighing on the 0th, 15th, 30th, 45th and 60th days of the study, and blood samples will be taken from the tail vein (Vena caudalis) of all subjects on the 0th and 60th days. Apelin, Asprosin, Adiponectin, Irisin, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor were obtained from the serum samples obtained from the blood samples. (BDNF), Cardiac troponin I (cTnI), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), Mitochondrial-derived peptide (MOTS-c) and Brain mitochondrial carrier protein-1 (BMCP1) levels were examined by ELISA method. All numerical data obtained as a result of the study were statistically analyzed with Duncan test in General Linear Model Univariate in SPSS 26.0 statistics program. Data means were expressed with their standard errors and (±) Repeated measures test was used. All significant differences were evaluated by testing at p<0.05 level. The live weight change of the rats in the study groups increased in the K group compared to the control group, while a significant decrease occurred in the YDJ200 group compared to the YYDC group (p<0.05). In this respect, it was observed that JOE showed anti-obesity effect by reducing the live weight level or preventing weight gain in obese rats. According to the results obtained, the average serum apelin, asprosin, adiponectin, irisin, cTnI levels were determined to be the most significant decrease in the YDJ200 group compared to the YYDK group on the 60th day of the study due to the different rates of JOE dose increase reported in the high-fat diet groups with OGV. On the other hand, the average serum BDNF, GLP-1, LAMP1, MOTS-c and BMCP1 levels were determined to be the most significant increase in the YDJ200 group compared to the YYDC group on the 60th day of the study due to the JOE dose increase (p<0.05). In many diseases, especially obesity, the decrease in LAMP1 levels indicates a disorder in lysosomal functions or autophagy, which are the waste management and recycling processes of cells, leading to cellular damage and metabolic problems. As a result, it was concluded that 200 mg/kg JOE administration in rats did not have any negative effects on healthy and obese rats, and it may be useful in improving the impaired lysosomal function that occurs in obesity, adipokines related to metabolic health (apelin, asprosin, adiponectin and irisin), cerebral response (BDNF) and energy metabolism (MOTS-c, BMCP1), but more comprehensive research is necessary and may be beneficial.