Multi objective optimisation of electric vehicle charging stations with the utopia point method

We are currently in a period where we are experiencing the effects of the climate crisis resulting from greenhouse gas emissions more intensely as time progresses. Electric vehicles, due to their zero carbon emissions, hold great potential for establishing sustainable living. Worldwide efforts are underway to promote the use of electric vehicles to save our planet from air pollution and create healthier cities. These efforts primarily focus on strategically locating electric vehicle charging stations to maximize the benefits of electric vehicle technology. The optimal locations for electric vehicle charging stations have been the subject of various research studies in the literature. In this thesis, a methodology for solving the electric vehicle charging station placement problem using multi-objective optimization methods was employed to generate solutions that can meet different needs and identify the most suitable locations for electric vehicle charging stations. For the purpose of this study, three districts in the city center of Bursa with high population and traffic density (Nilüfer, Osmangazi, Yıldırım) were selected as the case study area. This allowed for the creation of an electric vehicle charging station network that can effectively serve in a city with a population of over 3 million, covering different centers. The parameters used in the multi-objective optimization modeling are explained in detail in the thesis. Among these parameters, it was determined that traffic density, shopping center locations, and public transportation transfer points play a prominent role. As part of the proposed research methodology, the multi-objective optimization model was formulated with the utopia point formula, contributing a novel approach to the literature in this field. The Utopia method, also known as the Utopia Point Method, is a powerful technique used in multi-criteria decision-making processes to find optimal solutions among conflicting goals. This thesis provides a step-by-step explanation of the Utopia method, outlining its basic components and procedures. By understanding the principles and applications of the Utopia method, decision makers can effectively navigate complex decision problems and identify sustainable solutions that balance multiple goals. The findings and results of this research provide a strategic guide for the positioning of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations across Bursa. The criteria used in the study—population density, traffic congestion, accessibility, public transport connections, and proximity to commercial and social areas—focus on factors directly influencing user needs. By employing multi-criteria decision-making methods and the utopia point method, the advantages and disadvantages of each candidate location were thoroughly analyzed, identifying regions with high population density and easy accessibility as more suitable for meeting user demands. The results highlight that regions with dense populations, high accessibility, and strong public transport connections should be prioritized for charging infrastructure investments. Locations near commercial and social areas emerged as ideal spots where users can meet their daily needs while charging their vehicles. Furthermore, encouraging public-private sector collaboration can enhance the sustainability of the infrastructure. The study offers concrete recommendations for sustainable urban planning and eco-friendly infrastructure development, contributing to environmental goals such as reducing carbon emissions and increasing energy efficiency. In this context, the study's contribution to the literature is its strategic suggestions aimed at encouraging not only current EV users but also potential adopters. Future research could focus on integrating renewable energy sources into charging infrastructure, developing predictive models for high-demand periods, and creating solutions integrated with public transportation, advancing progress in this field even further. Keywords: Electric vehicle, Charging station location problem, Multi-objective optimization, Utopia point method