Searching of efficiency ozone, herbal originated of essential oil (THYMOL) and artemisia absinthium extract against nosema ceranae infection in adult honey bee

Nosema. apis and Nosema. ceranae cause Nosemosis in adult honey bee and these agents live in the adult bee intestinal system. Nosemosis is one of the most prevalent bee diseases that cause significant bee losses worldwide. This disease causes digestive tract disorders, reducing the lifespan of bees, decreasing bee colony number, honey production, pollen-collecting and important bee's colony losses in a dormant season. It may be seen together with bacterial, protozoal and viral diseases. In this case, it negatively affects the health of bee colonies, bee products, and productivity. Several commercial products have been used against Nosemosis. One of the common products is Fumidil-B; however it is banned because of residues in honey. The treatment methods of our age are moving towards the treatment protocols with natural extracts. Essential oils in the treatment of Nosemosis in adult honey bees with thesis subject; Origanum minutiflorum (Thymol), Artemisia absinthium extract, nanoparticle Ozone have been applied to hives in various concentrations and ways. 0. day counts were performed before combinations formed in the thesis study, In the field studies, sugar syrup that is used for feeding bees was given to control groups. In the experiments, the combinations were applied to the sugar syrup (used in feeding bees), by mixing with the hops in the hive or by fusion. Before the trials, 50 bees samples were collected from each apiary and protocol number was given. The specimens were kept in the freezer for one day and then the digestion method was applied for positivity-negativity control. In this method, 10 bee samples were taken from each hive. The abdomen was separated from the body by means of a scalpel, 1 ml of distilled water per abdomen was placed, 10 ml of distilled water was added in total, crushed in a suitable beaker and abdomen fluid was obtained, one drop of this abdomen fluid was taken and transferred into Neubauer Toma slide and positiveness or negativeness was determined whether Nosema spores were observed or not. To determine Nosema fungus load with the above-mentioned digestion method, 20 samples of bees were taken and microscope counts were made. While creating experimental groups with a certain number of hives for each combination, it was observed that the mean number of Nosema spores averages between groups was equal. The combinations were applied to the hives by spraying or by placing them in the sherbet in the hive and administered orally. 20 bees were collected from each hive at specific day intervals and Nosema spores numbers were counted by the digestion method. Ozone, Thymol, and Artemisia absinthium extracts and their combinations were applied to different concentrations and dosages in five field studies. The three most effective combinations in these five field trials are; Ozone+Thymol (Spray): 2000 ppm 200 ml Ozone+100 ml %3 Thymol+700 ml sugar syrup %89,47, Thymol+Artemisia (Oral): 250 ml %2 Thymol+200 ml %2 Artemisia absinthium+550 ml sugar syrup %85,95, Ozone (Oral): 1000 ppm 100 ml Ozone+400 ml sugar syrup %75,08 given respectively. This result has supported previous studies with Thymol, and the results were found to be more effective against Nosemosis when the combination was enriched with nanoparticle ozone. No deaths or side effects were seen in treated bees.