İklim değişikliği anlaşmalarının uluslararası ticaret üzerindeki etkisi

This thesis is concerned with a comprehensive study of the increasingly complex relationship between global trade and climate change, focusing on how international climate agreements influence trade policy formulation and reshape regulatory frameworks and trends in global markets. The research begins by clarifying the scientific foundations of climate change, by addressing the human factors causing it, and reviewing the environmental repercussions that require urgent political intervention. It then moves on to track the development of multilateral climate governance, by analyzing key agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol, the Paris Agreement, and the Kigali Amendment, which not only set emissions reduction targets, but also contributed to integrating environmental dimensions into the international economic governance structure. The study highlights the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities between developed and developing countries and also highlights the differences in climate commitments and their implications for trade justice and economic competitiveness. The research discusses in detail the increasing effects of carbon pricing mechanisms, emissions trading systems, and carbon adjustment mechanisms at borders on international trade. While these tools aim to reduce emissions globally, they also pose challenges related to fair market access and regulatory compliance, especially for export-dependent developing countries. In this context, the thesis reviews the pivotal role played by the WTO in reconciling the objectives of trade liberalization with the requirements of environmental protection. The legal aspects are analysed, especially as provided for in Article XX of GATT, which allows certain environmental derogations, together with a discussion of recent cases of dispute which show the growing tension between environmental obligations and the principles of free trade. The study aims mainly to assess the extent to which climate policies, especially those adopted by the European Union and major industrialized countries, affect the general structure of global trade, investment flows, and supply chains. It also seeks to anticipate the future of trade blocs and economic alliances by analyzing the level of compatibility or discrepancy between climate and trade agendas. It assesses the effectiveness of instruments used to link trade issues with environmental sustainability, such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, in promoting sustainable trade without harming competitiveness. The thesis also includes an analytical review of previous literature and studies using the bibliometric approach, along with a review of relevant international policies, with the aim of monitoring research and governance developments in this field. To give the analysis a practical nature, the study examines an applied case in the transport and logistics sector, which is one of the sectors most affected by trade-related climate regulations. This part of the study focuses on how companies respond to requirements such as emissions disclosure, carbon accounting, and cross-border regulatory coordination, providing a deeper understanding of the industrial sector's readiness to integrate climate and trade requirements, and highlighting best practices and policies that need further development to ensure a just transition. Keywords: Climate change, international trading, CBAM, WTO, The climate policy.