The relationship between el-jawhar el-fard and theory of custom in the first period of Ash'arites kalâm system

In this study, the early Ashʿarite theological tradition's view of jawhar al-farḍ regarding the structure of the universe and the theory of ādat regarding the functioning of the universe are discussed and the relationship between these two views is analysed. The view of jawhar al-fard is a concept that refers to the smallest part of the universe that cannot be divided into smaller parts. Jawhar al-farḍ, which constitutes the basis of the universe, is devoid of secondary aspects and gains meaning through accidents that are recreated every moment. The jawhar el-fard, accidents and the matter As such, the universe is constructed in a way that is dependent on God in every sense. The order and functioning of the universe is also explained around this construct by the theory of custom, which means creation in a customary way in which only Allah's creation is in question. In the first part of this study, the concepts of jawhar al-fard, accident, matter, and halā' used by early Ashʿarite theologians to explain the structure of the universe are explained and discussed in relation to each other. In the second part, the theory of 'ādat regarding the functioning of the universe and the basic principles that lead Ashʿarite theologians to this theory are given. In addition, the relationship between these two sections is analysed. Our study concludes with an explanation of the correctness of our basic claim based on our conclusions.