The reflections of the British-Russian competition on Ottoman press upon İran-Turan-Afghan geography

Iran-Turan-Afghan geography has had a strategic importance throughout history. From the nineteenth century to the beginning of the 20th century, Russia was the scene of a competition called the "Great Game" or " Competition of The Shadows" in which the two countries aimed at expanding their political, military and economic spheres with the aim of reaching out to India and protecting the UK's presence in India. The effects of the struggle for dominance in the Iranian-Turanian-Afghan geography on the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, because of the caliphate institution of the Islamic world was accepted as the leader of the state and the state on the Muslim states and Turkestan khanates to remain indifferent to the cause, the struggle has taken place in the press. In particular, during the Constitutional period, the main source of the study of the periodicals used as information and awareness-raising tool, provided information and determinations about the British-Russian competition. In addition, the articles and essays in the press showed that the Ottoman Empire's view of the struggle for domination, its tendency towards geography, and the ideas of the Turkish intellectuals against the struggle. In this study, the dimensions of British-Russian competition were tried to be put forward through the Ottoman press. In addition to this, besides the press, it was ensured that the study was looked at in a wider framework by using Ottoman archival documents, research and examination works. Keywords: Iran-Turan-Afghan, Britain, Russia, Ottoman, Constitutionalism, press, competition.