Instruments of defense in bills of exchange

Instruments of defense in bills of exchange are one of the legal defense instruments. This issue has been addressed due to the widespread use of bills of exchange and the frequent problems encountered in practice. In the study, instruments of defense in bills of exchange were examined by classifying them in the context of legal regulations, opinions in doctrine and judicial decisions. By referring to the basic characteristics of bills of exchange, their effects on the instruments of defense are explained. Instruments of defense in bills of exchange are subject to a distinction in the form of "absolute and relative instruments of defense" according to their effects. Absolute instruments of defense are "instruments of defense understood from the text of the bills" and "instruments of defense related to the invalidity of the bills". Relative instruments of defense are "impersonal relative instruments of defense" and "personal instruments of defense". In the study, these instruments of defense were examined by giving various examples. Instruments of defense in bills of exchange is determined and its assertions and exceptions are included in the study. Key words: Absolute instruments of defense, relative instruments of defense, instruments of defense understood from the text of the bills, instruments of defense related to the invalidity of the bills, impersonal relative instruments of defense, personal instruments of defense.