Evaluation of poplar industrial plantations in terms of agroforestry: The case of Terme–Gölardi

In this study, the structural, ecological, and socio-economic characteristics of poplar industrial plantations established within the agroforestry system in the Terme–Gölardı region of Samsun province were evaluated. Growth dynamics in stands aged 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 years were determined by measuring height, diameter at breast height, branch lengths in four cardinal directions (north, south, east, and west), crown projection area, and crown asymmetry index. In addition, understory cropping practices, the effectiveness of silvicultural treatments, and the role of local communities within the system were examined. The findings revealed that height and diameter at breast height values increased steadily with age, with the eighth year representing a distinct turning point in the growth trajectory. Crown-related results indicated that crown projection area increased significantly with age and that individuals exhibited a generally symmetrical crown form across all age classes. Village-level evaluations of agroforestry practices showed that soybean, maize, and rice cultivation were common during the early years, while increased canopy closure gradually shifted land use toward livestock production. Overall, the study demonstrates that the agroforestry model implemented in the Gölardı Forest Management Unit has the potential to enhance both production efficiency and ecological sustainability when supported by appropriate silvicultural practices, suitable clone selection, and effective institutional planning.