Effects of FDM and water-based hybrid cooling system onthe performance of concentrated photovoltai̇c panels

The performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels is significantly influenced by their operating temperature. To address the adverse effects of elevated temperatures, numerous active and passive cooling strategies have been investigated in the literature. Recent advancements, however, indicate a rising focus on hybrid cooling systems that integrate both active and passive techniques. In this regard, phase change materials (PCMs) are utilized as passive cooling elements, while fluids serve as active cooling agents. This study introduces an innovative design incorporating a channel at the base of the PV panel, facilitating fluid flow. A PCM layer is strategically positioned beneath the fluid channel to lower the fluid's average temperature, thereby enhancing heat extraction compared to direct thermal contact with the PV panel. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated against conventional water-cooled PV panels through a parametric analysis, considering variables such as concentration ratio, ambient temperature, wind speed, water mass flow rate within the channel, and fluid inlet temperature. The findings indicate that the proposed hybrid cooling system enhances electricity generation by 1.4–7 kW and improves PV efficiency by 1.6%–3.8%, depending on the operating conditions