Relations with polythectors in the Qur'an during the Medina Period

This study aims to examine the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) relations with polytheists during the Medinan period from a Quranic perspective. God Almighty sent a prophet from among them to lead a largely illiterate, pagan, and predominantly idolatrous people from darkness into light. This prophet would teach the people the book and wisdom, purify them, and convey truths they had previously unknown. In line with the Quran's fundamental message of monotheism, the people of Mecca were invited to abandon idolatry and worship only God. It is emphasized that the Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) call to monotheism, which began in Mecca, took on a new dimension with the rise of political and military power among Muslims in Medina. This thesis examines how relations with polytheists were shaped from a Quranic perspective after the Hijra, in light of verses and authentic sources. The nature of this relationship is analyzed through periods of peace, treaties, wars, political relations, and social interactions. Within the conceptual framework of this study, the meaning of the concept of monotheism in the Quran is detailed under two main headings: monotheism in divinity and monotheism in divinity. Furthermore, the polytheists' belief in polytheism and the Quranic responses to this belief are analyzed in light of the verses This study consists of an introduction, a conceptual framework, and three main sections. The first section examines war with polytheists and war-related rulings from a commentary perspective, conducting research. The second section examines political and diplomatic relations with polytheists, examining and researching relevant rulings. The third section examines religious and social rulings regarding polytheists, examining relevant verses from commentaries. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that relations with polytheists during the Medinan period should be addressed within the context of the Quran and are based on universal principles. It emphasizes that belief in monotheism is the fundamental determinant in these relationships. The thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the Quran's messages towards polytheists from both theological and socio-political perspectives and to demonstrate that the Quran is a decisive source in this process.