The Mamluk Sultan Nasir Muhammad b. Galawun's poli̇ti̇cal acti̇vi̇ti̇es (684-741/1285-1341)

Sultan al-Nasır Muhammad b. Qalawun was raised to the sultanate in the Turkish Mamluk for the three times (1293-1294, 1298-1309, 1310-1341). He was only nine years of age at the time, and power was in the hands of viceroy, Kitbogha al-Mansûrî and vizier ˊAlam al-Dîn al-Shujâˊî. The next year Kitbugha deposed the boy king, removed him from the palace, and confined him and his mother to an apartment in the Citadel. He then claimed the throne for himself as al-ˊȂdil Kitbogha and appointed as viceroy Hüsam al-Dîn Lâjîn, the former governor of Damascus who had emerged from hiding after his involvement in the assassination of al-Ashraf Khalîl ibn Qalawun. Ketbogha's two year reign ended when al-Mansûr Lâçîn deposed him in turn and exiled al-Nâsır Muhammad to Karak. In 698/1299 the mamluks of al-Ashraf Khalîl aided by Burjî mamluks, revolted against Sultan Lâçîn murdereed him while he was at prayer in the Citadel, and brought al-Nâsır Muhammad back from exile at al-Karak to his rightful throne. In a new government, Sayf al-Dîn Sâlâr was appointed to the Office of viceroy and Baybars al-Jashanîr to the of ustâdâr. But this only began yet another struggle between Sâlâr, the leader of the Bahrî and Baybars, the leader of the Burcî. The increasing rivalry between them and their interference with the authority of al-Nâsır Muhammad, resulted in al-Nâsır's losing his throne once again. He fled back to al-Karak in 708/1308. Baybars al-Jashankîr was declared sultan as al-Malik al-Muzaffarî in 708/1308 and Sâlâr was appointed to the Office of viceroy. Nâsır Muhammad prepared his return to the throne of Egypt. He gained the support of the bedouin Arabs in al-Karak and of the governors of Aleppo, Hamah, Jerusalem and Safad. Al-Nasır Muhammad mounted the throne for the third time at the age of twenty-five, this time to stay. Al-Nasır's third accession to the throne ushered in a new era in Mamluk history. He began by eliminating the amirs who had betrayed him; Baybars and Sâlâr were executed. They were replaced by the mamluks who supported him, most of whom were former mamluks of his brother al-Ashraf Khalîl. They were promoted to the rank of amir and assigned official posts. Al-Nasır governed with a limited number of trusted men of high caliber, whose long terms are reflective of the stability of al-Nâsır's court. He was a strong, autocratic ruler; his third reign lasted thirty-one years, until his death in 741/1341. Those years have been described as the "climax of Egyptian culture and civilation", a time when "the state reached the highest pinnacle of its power". He was popular with the people. He's third reign was beter known for peace than war. The aim of our sudy, ıt was to reveal the structure of the state of the this period.