The emergence of identity groups in weakened centralauthorties, and the relationship amongst the identity groupsand the central authority

The purpose of this thesis is to review the behaviors of actors in societies divided as a result of problems experienced in the nation-state system with the concept of balance in international relations. The whole world adopted the nation-state order after the Westphalia Peace Agreement, and the collective living of people and the legitimacy of the state relied on the assumption that it was in a homogenous structure. This study will examine the public activity that might emerge in states that are not ethnically or denominationally homogenous within the nation-state system and will discuss routes that must be followed to ensure de-escalation. The study will discuss based on the structural balance theory how each actor in a civil war acts independently, just as states act in an international system, and facilitates relations for its own interests in societies in which public activity evolves into a civil war. This de-escalation of actors could create a situation in which they can create an environment of de-escalation by balancing the civil war, just as it could further exacerbate the conflict. Our study will examine the manner in which inter-actor relations will develop in divided societies particular to the example of Syria, whose public activity began after 2012 and transformed into a civil war, by reviewing all these situations.