Archaeometric analysis of stone tesserae in the mosaics of pompeiopolis roman villas

This study focuses on the analysis of stone tesserae used in the mosaics of Roman villas unearthed during archaeological excavations in the ancient city of Pompeiopolis, located in the Taşköprü district of Kastamonu, Turkey. Within the scope of this research, a total of 37 stone tessera samples were collected from two different mosaics, and archaeometric analyses were conducted. In this context, color analysis, portable X-ray fluorescence (P-XRF), and petrographic analyses (thin and thick sections, assessments using optical and polarizing microscopes) were performed. The color analysis conducted with a precise color detector revealed that the stone tesserae samples exhibit various color shades, similar to the different tonal variations observed in limestone used in architectural structures. Using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, a non-destructive method with energy-dispersive capabilities, the quantitative analysis of elements in the mosaics was performed, unveiling the chemical composition of the samples. Additionally, petrographic analyses carried out on the stone tesserae in the laboratory identified the types of stones used. The findings indicate that the stone tesserae are predominantly composed of biomicritic limestone, with occasional occurrences of arkose. Both rock types are commonly found in the Taşköprü region and its surroundings. XRF results reveal that calcium is abundantly present in the stone tesserae. The results of this study not only provide valuable insights into the selection and use of materials in the mosaics of Pompeiopolis but also make a significant contribution to a better understanding of the region's archaeological and historical context. Furthermore, these findings could serve as a foundation for more in-depth research on topics such as mosaic-making techniques and material trade in antiquity.