Examining the cultural dimension of women's sexuality in postmenopausal period with the Leininger sunrise model

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the cultural dimension of sexuality in postmenopausal women through the lens of Leininger's Sunrise Model. Method: This research was conducted using a qualitative design. The study employed the ethnonursing research method, a nursing-specific approach recommended by Leininger for studies utilizing the Sunrise Model. The research was carried out with 20 women in the postmenopausal period. Typical case sampling, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used for participant selection. Data were collected through face-to-face, in-depth interviews using a sociodemographic data form and a semi-structured interview guide. Interviews were recorded using a smartphone. For data analysis, the content analysis method was employed. Results: Five main themes were obtained as a result of the study. These themes are Beauty-Aesthetics, Process of Sexuality, SRH Services, Religious Influences and Gender Factors. The findings indicate that participants' perceptions of sexuality and their sexual experiences are significantly shaped by socio-cultural norms. Female sexuality is often constrained by gender roles, religious beliefs, and cultural expectations, and is commonly perceived as a duty, obligation, or even something shameful or inappropriate. This perception makes it difficult for women to express themselves about sexual matters throughout different stages of life. Particularly in the postmenopausal period, emotional and societal pressures lead many women to completely withdraw from sexuality. Moreover, viewing sexuality as a taboo and the negative attitudes of healthcare professionals hinder women from effectively accessing sexual and reproductive health services. Conclusion: Socio-cultural norms, gender roles, and religious beliefs significantly influence how sexuality is perceived among postmenopausal women. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that women's experiences of sexuality at different stages of life play a crucial role in shaping these perceptions. This study also provides insight into how perceptions and experiences of sexuality evolve across the female life course.