Protein entegre ışık yayan diyotlar

The invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) opened up a way toward bright and energy-saving white light sources which have a significant potential to replace conventional light sources. Solid state lighting (SSL) has so far been based on artificial or engineered wavelength-converter materials such as phosphors, synthetic dyes and inorganic nanocrystals without considering their environmental effects (e.g., toxicity). The expected high future-demand for SSL will lead to the generation of massive amount of electronic waste (e-waste). The integration of green materials into SSL can enhance environmental protection and sustainability. For this purpose, we integrated fluorescent and transparent proteins on light-emitting optoelectronic device structures to demonstrate eco-friendly LEDs. In this study, we used fluorescent proteins as color conversion materials and we introduced silk fibroin hydrogel as a lens material for light emitting diodes. The combinations of different protein emitters enable sensitive tuning of photometric quantities for application-specific lighting sources. To understand the technological limits of fluorescent protein integrated white LEDs, we simulated numerically white light generation using combinations of fluorescent proteins to calculate the maximum-attainable color rendering index and luminous efficacy of radiation. We experimentally optimized the expression and purification levels of fluorescent proteins that allow for chip-scale integration of proteins and white light generation. We demonstrated warm, daylight and cool white LEDs using biologically-derived fluorescent proteins for general lighting. These biomaterial-based LEDs exhibited color-rendering indices of up to 83, which is higher than conventional white LEDs made of yellow phosphor (around 68), and luminous efficiencies of up to 6.7 lm/W. Furthermore, we exhibited their use in liquid-crystal television (TV) for the first time. In addition, we explored silk fibroin as a bio-friendly alternative to conventional polymers for lens application in light emitting diodes. We systematically investigated the properties of the silk hydrogels including transmittance and light extraction efficiency at various concentrations for LED lenses. We demonstrated a high-control on the intensity distribution of spatial radiation via dome- and crater-shaped hydrogel lens structures. Hydrogel lenses with a silk fibroin concentration of 3.0 wt% showed the maximum light extraction efficiency of 94%. The experimental results of spatial radiation were complimented with the theoretical modelling of silk hydrogel lenses. The results based on eco-friendly fluorescent and silk proteins point toward a new direction in solid-state lighting.