Evaluation of leptospirosis cases in the Şanlıurfa region

Objectives: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by spirochetes of the Leptospira species and is widely prevalent worldwide. Although it generally presents as a self-limiting febrile illness, severe clinical forms known as Weil's disease may develop in 5–10% of cases. The aim of this study is to evaluate the etiology, clinical course, and complications of leptospirosis cases in the Şanlıurfa region, thereby increasing awareness and contributing to the reduction of morbidity and mortality. Methods: Between January 2020 and January 2025, the medical records of 40 patients diagnosed with leptospirosis and followed in the Gastroenterology Clinic of Harran University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic characteristics, occupational and environmental exposure histories, clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, imaging results, treatment protocols, and prognostic data were analyzed. Statistical evaluations were performed using the SPSS software, version 24.0. Results: The median age of the 40 patients included in the study was 43 years (18– 78), and 85% (n=34) were male. Most cases resided in rural areas and had a history of exposure related to agricultural activities or contaminated water sources. The most common presenting symptoms were abdominal pain (60%), fever (47.5%), fatigue (47.5%), and myalgia (40%). Jaundice was detected in 30% of patients, while renal failure (15%) and alveolar hemorrhage (%22,5) were the leading complications in severe cases. Intensive care support was required in 18 patients (45%), and despite all interventions, 2 patients died. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that leptospirosis shows a marked increase during the summer–autumn months in the Şanlıurfa region and represents a significant public health concern associated with agricultural activities and the use of well water. Elevated bilirubin, renal failure, alveolar hemorrhage, and thrombocytopenia emerged as key determinants of mortality. Preventive measures and early diagnostic testing among individuals engaged in farming and livestock breeding play a crucial role in reducing disease burden. Furthermore, prospective, large-sample, and multicenter studies are needed in the future to more accurately determine the true incidence of leptospirosis.