Balkh and its surroundings from the foundation of the Seljuk State to the Moghol invasion (1040-1212)

Throughout history, various dynasties ruled the city of Balkh, which was established during the Sassanian period. This city, considered the center of Bactrian lands, was also an important region under the control of the Hephthalites. The Great Seljuks, who strengthened by acquiring land from the Ghaznavids, held Balkh from the beginning of their rule Khorasan Province until the Oghuz rebellion. After the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, Balkh, which was among the lands allocated to Chaghri Beg during the division of territories among Seljuk leaders, remained prominent until the fall of the state due to its geopolitical position and its role as a homeland for the Oghuz. During this period, Balkh, located at a significant point on the Silk Road, became a focal point of trade and cultural exchange. The city witnessed not only geographical importance but also developments in political, economic, and cultural aspects. The Seljuk political, city history influence over Balkh made the city a significant power in the border regions. A rich cultural heritage, bearing traces of different civilizations, continued to develop in the city.