Election systems in terms of justice in representation stability in administration and the case of Türkiye

In today's world, the idea that democracy is the most ideal form of government has become common in societies. Democracy, in its broadest definition, means the people governing themselves. However, under current conditions, it seems impossible for the people to directly govern themselves. Therefore, it has become commonplace for the people to be governed through representatives, or deputies, whom they elect. Within this understanding, the concept of representative democracy has emerged. In representative democracies, the deputies who will represent society are determined through regular and periodic elections. However, it cannot be said that every regime where elections take place is democratic. In order to discuss the democratic nature of regimes, the elections, which are the heart of democracy, must be held in a free and fair environment, in accordance with democratic criteria. In representative democracies, for the election to take place, voters who have the right to vote must freely cast their votes to select their representatives. Thus, election systems have emerged to regulate how and in what manner voters will cast their votes, how the votes will be converted into seats, and how they will be evaluated. Election systems are technical procedures applied to convert the valid votes cast in elections into parliamentary seats. In election systems, one of two principles is usually emphasized: representation justice and governance stability. Systems that prioritize the principle of representation justice are called proportional representation systems. When the principle of governance stability is emphasized, it is referred to as a majority system. Systems that aim to combine both principles are called mixed electoral systems. Generally, election systems contain both strengths and weaknesses within their own contexts. Election practices, which are an expression of fundamental rights and freedoms, are carried out in accordance with rules regulated by constitutions and laws. In Turkey, the first election practice began with the 1876 Constitution, and many different election practices have been implemented to this day. However, it can be said that there has not yet been full consensus on the election systems implemented in Turkey.