Determination of concentrations and emission factors of gas and particulates with in-tunnel measurements

In this dissertation, concentrations were determined for pollutants (particulate matter, trace elements, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), and volatile hydrocarbons (BTEX)) in Osmangazi Tunnel between 17 and 28 August 2011 in Bilecik, Turkey. Particulate matter samples were collected with dichotomous sampler, NO2, O3, and BTEX samples were collected with passive samplers. Also NO2, and O3 profiles were determined along the tunnel with passive sampling. Road dust samples were collected from the same sampling points of passive sampling and trace element concentrations were determined in the road dust. Meteorological parameters and vehicle count information were also acquired during the sampling campaigns. Sampling was carried out at two periods (as morning and afternoon) at the sampling stations at the entrance and the exit of the tunnel. The pollutants concentrations inside the tunnel were found to be much higher than the outside and to increase towards the exit of the tunnel. Sr, Ga, Cr, Ni and Cu elements were moderately enriched in the road dust samples whereas Sb, Se, Ca, As, Pb Cd, Zn ve Sn elements were strongly enriched. Emission factors were determined using concentrations data measured at the entrance and exit of the tunnel together with other tunnel data. BTEX emission factors ranged from 16,71±10,45 (toluene) to 4,16±4,74 mg vehicle-1 km-1 (m+p xylene). PM2,5 trace element emission factors changed from 0,0005 ± 0,0003 (Rb) to 1,42 ± 0,93 mg vehicle-1 km-1 (Fe) and they were in the range of 0,0017 ± 0,0013 (Nd) and 19,274 ± 11,044 mg vehicle-1 km-1 (Ca) for the PM2,5-10 fraction. Keywords: Tunnel study, vehicular emissions, emission factor, trace elements, BTEX, NO2