A research on the domestic and abroad activities of transnational entrepreneurs

Transnational entrepreneurship is a rapidly emerging phenomenon that occurs due to the high density of migration movements in recent years, the increased opportunuties in the fields of communication and transportation that technology has provided and the convergence of countries in political, economic, social and cultural sense through globalization. The main aim of this study is to investigate to which extent political, economic, social and cultural structures in the country of recipient and origin, the embededness in these structures, social and business networks and individual characteristics that are possessed, affect the process starting from immigrant entrepreneurship and continuing to transnational entrepreneurship. One of the main objectives of this study was to investigate the reasons why immigrant entrepreneurs in Turkey success or fail to establish economic contacts with countries of origin and whether or not immigrant entrepreneurs have necessary factors for transnational entrepreneurship in context of Turkey like individual characteristics of migrant entrepreneurs, business and social networks in the country of recipient and origin, levels of embeddedness in political, economic, social and cultural institutions and if they have, to examine to what extent they have these qualifications. Another objective of the study is to draw a general conceptual framework that defines the transnational entrepreneurship in Turkey. based on the literature and the findings obtained from this study. One of the important objectives of the research is to determine the reasons and scopes of the economic activities of transnational entrepreneurs with third countries that have not been mentioned in previous researches. It is also one of the aims of this work to investigate the first and second generation immigrant entrepreneurs' embeddedness in the institutional environment of the recipient and the origin country and whether or not their perceptions about these institutional environment affect transnational entrepreneurship. Another aim of the study is to identify the levels of participation of migrant entrepreneurs in transnational activities from different regions such as the Balkans and the Middle East and to examine the factors affecting this level. It is also one of the aims for this research to determine the level of concepts such as ethnic consciousness, solidarity and emotion of cooperation in immigrants from different geographies. In this study using qualitative research method, it is aimed to provide information at the maximum level by face to face interviews or online and reasons whether or not the obtained data are in accordance with the literature have been discussed. The overall conclusions are as follows, the level of transnational activity of the migrant entrepreneurs who subject to study shows variations depending on entrepreneurial characteristics of individuals, the organizational structure, embededness and compliance levels of origin and the recipient countries. Besides, the institutional structures of the recipient and origin countries where operated and the transnational entrepreneurship as an external factor are influenced in terms of economic and social contact. Moreover, it can be seen that in the third countries, more relations can be established than the origin countries without institutional embeddedness.