Green synthesis of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticules and the investigation of these nanoparticules' effects on wheat genotypes in tissue culture

In this thesis study; ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticle structures were synthesized by green synthesis, characterized, investigated by using mature embryo culture technique on two different wheat genotypes. To synthesize nanoparticle structures, the peroxidase enzyme obtained from Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) plant extract was utilized. It was determined that the partially purified peroxidase enzyme was purified to 149.5-fold by the 60-80% ammonium sulfate precipitation method from the Euphorbia (Euphorbia amygdaloides) plant. Green synthesis of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NP) was performed using peroxidase enzyme. For this purpose; For the synthesis of NPs, various biochemical data such as pH, temperature, time, metal ion concentration were optimized. According to the findings, the synthesis times of ZnO, CuO and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles were 30 min, 30 min and 15 min respectively. Optimum synthesis pHs were found to be 7.5, 8.0, and 11.0, while optimum temperatures for synthesis at 30, 25, and 20 were determined. FT-IR, XRD and SEM spectrum analyzes were performed for the characterization of the obtained nanoparticle structures. ZnO NP structures have dimensions between 60-80 nm, CuO NP structures have been determined to be between 50-120 nm and γ-Fe3O4 NP structures have been found to be between 30-80 nm. The effects of ZnO, CuO, and γ-Fe3O4 nanoparticles on two different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes, namely, Kırik and ES-26, in mature embryo culture were investigated. In this context, NP constructions have been tested with both the normal amount (1x) and the two (2x) and three (3x) quantities available in the Murashige and Skoog media. The study was supported by negative and positive controls. In the results obtained, wheat embryos left to develop in applications containing nanoparticles are thought not to be actively exploited by nanoparticle structures. As a result, the development of nanoparticle-containing applications is less than control. It was determined that media containing 3x CuO NP and media containing 3x ZnO NP gave better results in terms of callus formation rate among all applications. The most successful group in terms of plant-building ability was the control group. In this direction, it is seen that plant regeneration did not increase with nanoparticle application compared to control. However, it is thought that this situation is mainly related to the utilization process of the nanoparticles by the plant. Whether or not it creates a toxic effect is the point of future studies. This study is a first in the test of NP structures obtained by green synthesis in mature embryo culture. This would lead to a shortage of literature in the point of determining the effects NPs will have on the tissue culture development stages of embryos.