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Doğanın yetiştirdiği: Delia Owens'ın Where the Crawdads Sing adlı romanının ekofeminist okuması
From the first humans to the present day, women and nature have a deep bond because of their similar characteristics. Although their similarities of giving life and nurturing caused women and nature to be seen as sacred entities often referred to as "Great Mother" and "Mother Goddess" respectively in Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, this bond has also led to their exploitation especially with the rise of patriarchy. Ecofeminism as a movement, which emerged from the merging and development of feminism and ecology, attempts to raise consciousness against this exploitation. The ecofeminism movement aims to raise awareness of the oppression of a patriarchal society and lead an egalitarian, oppression-free, sustainable life with high prosperity. Ecofeminist thought is a radical critique of patriarchal capitalism because ecofeminists challenge Western binary oppositions, which lie at the root of all hierarchies and exploitative ideologies. This thesis will demonstrate how Delia Owens's novel Where the Crawdads Sing challenges these dichotomies especially by offering an alternative unity in the Paleolithic image of the Great Mother, whose wholeness was divided in the Neolithic image of the Earth Mother. Whereas the Great Mother encompasses oppositions between light and dark, life and death, good and bad in a continuing cyclicity, the Earth Mother, whose sole purpose is to serve humans, was created in the image of men. While making this analysis, the views of various ecofeminists such as Carolyn Merchant, Vandana Shiva, and Val Plumwood have been referred to; especially Catherine M. Roach's references to the binary opposition of good mother and bad mother has helped analyze nature's nurturing and destructive features. In examining and analyzing the undivided image of the Great Mother as it is manifested in Where the Crawdads Sing in the continuity of the marsh and swamp, life and death, light and dark, day and night, this thesis aims to provide an ecofeminist alternative to the existing patriarchal norms based on binary oppositions that exile disobedient women such as the protagonist Kya and wild nature to margins and non-existence.
Çağdaş Amerikan tiyatrosunda transgender performatifliği ve öznelliği
Transgender studies, integrating discussions on essentialism and social constructionism in gender studies, provide a unique principal point that empowers the interpretation of alternative sexualities and the performance of non-traditional gender roles. The studies on differences between the biological sex and gender identities of transgender individuals decentralize conventional heteronormative understandings about bodies and identities. In addition to some significant debates on transgender authenticity, rage, visibility, agency, voice, transgression, and violence, transgender studies focus on the role of performativity and subjectivity attempting to understand transgender identities. Besides the theoretical perspective provided by transgender studies, transgender identities are also depicted and explored in the different genres such as fiction, non-fiction, films, musicals, and TV series. Also, in the theater genre, transgender identity is becoming more and more visible in which performativity and subjectivity are further questioned and scrutinized. These performances play a fundamental role in contributing narratives for identifying transgender individuals and positioning transgender individuals' subjectivity. This study concentrates on transgender performativity and subjectivity in three plays titled Hidden: A Gender (1989) by Kate Bornstein, I am My Own Wife (2003) by Doug Wright, and Tara's Crossing (2004) by Jeffrey Solomon. These plays not only represent the gender performances and subjectivity of transgender individuals but also challenge heteropatriarchy in contemporary world. Keywords: Gender, Transgender, Performativity, Subjectivity, Kate Bornstein, Hidden: A Gender, Jeffrey Solomon, Tara's Crossing, Doug Wright, I am My Own Wife.
Umudun tohumlarını ekmek: Solarpunk geleceklerin detaylı incelemesi
Since its inception, science fiction has been dominated by white male writers. Therefore, components of the patriarchal thought system such as dualist, discriminatory, and hierarchical elements have been dominant and preventing it from reaching its full potential. The genre not only developed difficult-to-break schemes, but also it gradually took on a dystopian form and began to destroy hopes for the future. So, many countercultural movements both in real life and in literature, such as ecofeminism and the New Wave movement have begun to respond to this situation. Although the impact of their resistance could not last long, it is resurrected in the twenty-first century eventually under the name of Solarpunk. It is a derivative of Cyberpunk and is affected by other punk subgenres. This new subgenre uses speculative narratives to find solutions to today's problems, focusing on the interdependence of environmental destruction and social inequalities. As a result, it has an ecofeminist thought in its philosophy that is not highlighted enough in academic studies and this aspect becomes increasingly dominant in each new anthology. Throughout this analysis, the importance of Solarpunk for the well-being of the world and all living things in it will be emphasized because the subgenre recognizes that what can not be imagined can not be managed. Therefore, it directs its readers to critical thinking, instills hope, and motivates them to take action by presenting positive future visions through sensitive discourse. Selected stories from four anthologies, including the first and last anthologies, will be analyzed to understand the growing influence of ecofeminism in Solarpunk, which uses narratives as a method of activism. Its narratives' similarities with critical utopias that emerged with the New Wave movement are shown, and it will be proved that it is the most important subgenre within the punk subgenres, allowing the true potential of science fiction to emerge. Keywords: Solarpunk, Ecofeminism, Science Fiction, Critical Utopia, Cyberpunk, Steampunk, Dieselpunk
Pastoral Amerika'yı ve eski güzel günlerin basit yollarını yeniden gözden geçirme: Richard Brautigan'ın kültürel kaçışı ve kimlik ile deneyi
Pastoral has been related to the ancient lands flooded with shepherds, bovines, and placid verdant veins of nature. Over the years, in this pastoral portrait, the shepherd figure has changed into an ordinary person seeking an escape from the urban cacophony that wounds the soul. The panacea for this wounded soul is nature, which can present an epicurean Theocritean pastoral, a glamorized Arcadia of Virgil, or the American pastoral dream that forges as a treatment for weary hearts that desires to be regenerated in the cornucopia of America. In this light, pastoral escapism is a reverie for a nascent form of life away from the gray constructed walls of urban that do not have a window opening to the warmth of nature. Henry David Thoreau and Earnest Hemingway escape from these gray walls and heal their wounded souls in the warm colors of the heart of nature. However, one might be stuck in these gray urban walls and might not escape in any scenario. This thesis scrutinizes Richard Brautigan's bleak journey for pastoral in A Confederate General from Big Sur, Trout Fishing in America, and In Watermelon Sugar. He endeavors to reach pastoral as the frontiersmen, tries to purify the Julia Kristevan "abject," and attempts to establish an Arcadia, but the dualism of urban and rural paralyzed, and urban re-emerges as Sigmund Freudian "uncanny." The postmodern world does not let Brautigan breathe in the pastoral realm; instead, it makes him suffocate in the sooty ambit of urban.
Jonathan Safran Foer'ın Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close ve Sinan Antoon'un The Corpse Washer romanlarında ölüme tanıklık etmenin travması
In representations of trauma the past event is apparent in narratives beyond the witness's recognition. Consequently, trauma narratives demand contextual analyses. Witnessing death arising from historical violent events can best be analyzed with literary trauma theory. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to focus on the trauma of witnessing death and its aftermath in Jonathan Safran Foer's Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005) and Sinan Antoon's The Corpse Washer (2013). In Foer's novel, narrators witness the two traumatic historical events, the first is the Dresden firebombing in 1945 and the second is the September 11, 2001 attacks and they go through the trauma of bereavement. In The Corpse Washer, representation of trauma is conveyed through the analogy of death caused by the US invasion of Iraq and its narrator is a corpse washer. In both novels, "death encounter" emerging from witnessing death in these violent events is the common experience for the witness narrators. Accordingly, narrators fail to respond to the trauma since they are affected by the presence of death which means bereavement in Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close and washing dead bodies in The Corpse Washer. This study indicates that first-person narrators in both novels develop a narrative without recognizing the trauma of "death encounter" since it silences them. Keywords: Death, Trauma, Witnessing, First-person Narrative, Historical Violence
Amerikan Board (ABCFM) misyonerlerinin Harput'taki eğitim faaliyetleri
The deterioration of the education system in the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century and the fact that it could not meet the needs of the community paved the way for foreign missionary activities in the Ottoman lands. Intense missionary activities in the Ottoman Empire affected education and shaped the country's culture, political, and social structure. In this thesis, the Educational Activities of the American Board (ABCFM) operating in the Ottoman Empire in Harpoot are examined and explained in the historical process. The study consists of three main parts. At the beginning of the study, there is information about the American Board missionary organization. In addition, the effects of foreign governments on the Ottoman Empire and some events that paved the way for missionary activities and the definition, origin, etymology, and historical course of the words mission and missionary are discussed. In the first part of the study, the establishment of the American Board, the settlement procedure it followed in a region, the importance of educational activities for the Board, and the types of schools it established were examined. In the second part of the study, the beginning of the Ottoman-US relations and the period until the arrival of the missionaries of the American Board to the Ottoman lands are examined. In the third chapter, the arrival of the American Board missionaries in Harpoot, the establishment and development of the mission, and the schools established in the mission were examined in detail. At the same time, in this section, the reactions of the Muslim and non-Muslim people against the activities of the American Board missionaries and the measures taken by the Ottoman State against the activities of the Board are explained. Again, this section examined the rebellions, unrest, and other social events caused by missionary activities. The situation of the American Board missionaries during the First World War and the events that led to the closure of the Harpoot mission are also examined in detail in this section. The study used the archive of the American Board, missionary letters, annual mission reports, academic theses written in missionary activities, and other relevant resources. Keywords: USA, Ottoman State, Harpoot, American Board (ABCFM), Missionary Activities
Totaliteryan feminist distopyalar olarak Atwood'un The Handmaid's Tale ve The Testaments
Historically, totalitarian regimes use the freedoms that democracy offers and exploit these civic rights to manipulate their citizens with an oppressive ideology. Totalitarian regimes are patriarchal in their essences, for among their targets to oppress women take the lead. After having "total control," these patriarchally-based regimes expect to create an idealized version of women whose would only be responsible for domestic work. Literature often addresses issues pertaining to lives destroyed under such regimes. Some authors have raised their voices not only to give voice to individuals who were abused by the totalitarian domination of patriarchy but also to warn their readers about the possibility of a change towards totalitarianism because of the indifference of citizens. Likewise, in order to alert her readers Margaret Atwood created a dystopian state called Gilead which is ruled by a totalitarian authority. The order in Gilead regime is regulated by the Commanders and the Aunts, their female inferiors, who are in charge of keeping the order among women. The authority limits freedoms in every facet of life, both public and private. The isolated and lonely individuals, or the mass, are forced to believe in the fiction formed in accordance with the totalitarian ideology: reality is distorted, murders are called sacrifices for the sake of one's country and a new "normal" is created in which individuals are so atomized that all sense of belonging is destroyed. This dissertation aims at providing an insight into the analysis of women as the primary target of totalitarian domination while examining the formation of the Gilead government.
William Faulkner'ın romanlarında erkeklik temsili
The aim of this thesis is to scrutinize the representation of the postbellum masculinity in the South through a dialectical lens in three novels by William Faulkner: Sanctuary, The Sound and the Fury, and Absalom, Absalom!. This study draws upon the theory of masculinity conceptualized by critics like Raewyn Connell, Todd W. Reeser and Michael Kimmel whose ideas have been instrumental in analyzing masculinity as a social construct and interrogates certain exclusively Southern notions such as "The Cavalier" and "The Lost Cause" within the context of performative masculinity. As a Southern author, Faulkner underlines the performative nature of manhood by rendering his psychologically castrated male characters as delusional and oblivious. The study of Sanctuary focuses on the Quixotic quest for lost manhood after the Civil War. The process of departriarchalization is foregrounded in the analysis of The Sound and the Fury. The discussion of the last novel, Absalom, Absalom! is centered around how the "cavalier" is mythologized through the act of storytelling. By focusing on these three novels, the study demonstrates that Faulkner interrogates the validity and the sustainability of the so-called Cavalier figure the Southern masculine identity was constructed upon by placing them in subversive counternarratives that dismantle the Southern men's privileged statuss.
F. Scott Fitzgerald'ın Uçarı Kızlar ve Filozoflar ve Jazz Çağı Öyküleri'nin yeniden tarihi okuması
Francis Scott Fitzgerald, who had a profound effect on American Literature of the 1920s, wished for making his readers feel the time he lived in every aspect for better or worse. Therefore, besides fiction, his works include the reflection of real events. New Historical approach, which overtly points up historical and cultural context on the texts differently from the conventional conception of history, helps to read his works in the same manner. That movement, which was come out by Stephen Greenblatt in 1980s, pursues a goal of scrutinizing the text by looking at the culture of the term. In this thesis, in the light of New Historicism I aim to unveil how hegemonic ideology and culture of Fitzgerald's time shape his and his characters' identities and dreams. Accordingly, in Fitzgerald's books Flappers and Philosophers and Tales from the Jazz Age, it will be scrutinized how the identities of the characters are on the way of shaping and eventually shaped without coercing in the direction of current hegemonic power.
Güzellik üzerine: Oscar Wilde'ın The Picture of Dorion Gray ve Nella Larsen'ın Passing adlı eserlerinde beden ve ruh ilişkisi
The "beautiful" and the "sublime" are two notions that intermingle with each other in Aesthetics. The beautiful often viewed in "the objects with exact forms" stands with the sublime recognized in "formless objects with an image of limitlessness" in literature, the arts and many other subject areas. They explore the senses of attraction and awe aroused in people's mind. Taken these forms of judgements into consideration, this study analyses Nella Larsen's Passing (1929) from American Literature and Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) from English Literature in terms of race, the unity of body and soul in reference to two philosophers Immanuel Kant and Edmund Burke. The white beauties of both novels, Larsen's Clare Kendry and Wilde's Dorian Gray, highlight the fear of ugliness and the appreciation of beauty in their tragic stories. The study centres on the process and ways in which their enchanting beauty results into a division of their body and soul throughout their search for the sublime. Beauty which brings along wholeness and pleasure, now threatens the protagonists' corporeal and spiritual aspects. The study concludes that kalokagathia (referring to the unity of corporeal beauty and spiritual refinement) is not achieved neither in Passing (1929) and nor in The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) for Clare Kendry and Dorian Gray's betrayal of authenticity (Eco, 2010: 45). It is also underlined that Nella Larsen and Oscar Wilde through these bodies' traumatic murders harmonize beauty and stability. Keywords: Beauty, Sublime, Nella Larsen, Clare Kendry, Oscar Wilde, Dorian Gray, Duality.
A.B.D.'nin Ortadoğu politikasının sonucu olarak İslamofobi ve bunun Amy Waldman'ın 11 eylül sonrası romanı The Submission'daki temsili
The Middle East is one of the oldest settlements in the history of humanity. It has been the focal point of history for centuries due to its location, history, resources, rich culture, and status of being the land where religions were born. With the formation of a bipolar world order after the Second World War, the Middle East has been the scene of power struggles and the fact that it has rich energy resources has increased interest in the Middle East. The United States of America, which emerged as the hegemon power after the end of the Cold War, developed its Middle East policy in this direction. Apart from aiming to protect its interests, it has chosen Israel as its permanent ally and prioritized its security in the region with its establishment in 1948. Israel's establishment and the conflicts that had started even before it was founded are the sources of the problems that still exist in the Middle East. America's pro-Israel attitude not only hinders the solution of the problems, but also increases anti-Americanism. As a result of the policy that the US pursued, the terrorists who were created with their own resources attacked the USA on September 11, 2001 and paved the way for developments that would strike the whole world. Following the policy with the perception of the evil 'other' during the Cold War, the US filled this 'other' gap created by the disintegration of the Soviet Union with the fight against terrorism and Islam after the September 11 attacks. Another problem that arose was Islamophobia, which increased considerably. In addition to the historical background of the US Middle East policy, its results, 9/11 attacks, the origins of Islamophobia and its current status, Amy Waldman's novel The Submission, which is one of the striking post-9/11 novels that depict Islamophobia, was also examined in this study.
Kültürler arasında: Monica Sone'nin Nisei Daughter adlı otobiyografisinde Japon Amerikan deneyimi
Autobiography as a literary genre has gained importance, especially in the second half of the 20th century even though people have written their own life stories since ancient times. The works written in the field of autobiography in Japanese American literature emerged after the end of World War II since writing and sharing of bad memories and experiences is quite effective in terms of coping with trauma. This research is a study of the autobiographical novel Nisei Daughter written by the second generation of Japanese-American citizen (that is Nisei) Monica Sone, who voiced cultural dilemma of the Nisei and her journey to become an American citizen. This study aims to determine the factors that cause the author's cultural dilemma and analyze how she finally amalgamates Japanese culture into American culture by focusing on the experiences of the author as a Japanese American. The results of the study indicate that the Nisei, who were in quest for self, experienced cultural dilemma caused by both internal factors originating from the strength of Japanese culture at home and their legal positions in America, so that they are in two cultures -America and Japan-, and external factors, namely racial discrimination of white society, which rejects them as part of white American mainstream even though the Nisei are legal American citizens.
Tom Amca'nın Kulübesi ve Sevilen adlı romanlardaki köleliğin inşası ve yaşanması
White hegemony over blacks is always stressful, if not violent. This is obvious in many media platforms, from movies to written works of art. This is apparent in the news or in social media sites. To hear or to learn about the successful cooperation between blacks and whites is nearly impossible. What is broadcasted has been a violent confrontation of blacks and whites, or police brutality against black suspects or movies with characters of white clever adult male / females and accompanying black adult or teenager male / female characters with teenager or child level of intelligence (for example Bob the Builder). The main event that gave birth to this undeniable fact is American Slavery between 1619 and 1865 with the breaking point being Bacon's Rebellion in 1676. After this, the working class was divided into unbridgeable two parts, free whites and slave blacks. White workers had their time to work and after that were set free; however, the African slaves were put to work to death with very little prospect of being free. Not every free person both in the North and South had this mentality. These people were called abolitionists and one such person is Harriet Beecher Stowe from nineteenth century. She wrote a sentimental novel called Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851) about the sufferings of the African slaves and a possible end to slavery; it should end either peacefully or with war. Long after the Civil War, the sufferings of blacks continued because the ideas that created the slavery did not change. This caused many works of art by Toni Morrison in twentieth century, Beloved (1983) being the most influential of them. This thesis is about the construction of slavery and how it is experienced based on these two works of art looking from different points. After presenting these points, these works will be thoroughly analyzed.
Changing the moral voice in American children's literature: E. B. White and the spirit of community
Amerikan kültürünü oluşturan değerler bireyselcilik ideolojisi üzerine kurulmuştur. Bireyselcilik ruhu sadece bireylerin sosyal yaşantılarını şekillendirmemiş, aynı zamanda, politikadan edebiyata ve hatta çocuk edebiyatına kadar birçok alanda kendini göstermiştir. Öyle ki Amerikan klasikleri olarak adlandırılan birçok çocuk hikayesinde Amerikan karakterini de yansıtan macera ruhuna ve özgürlük anlayışına sıkça rastlanır. 1950'ler ve sonrasında yaşanan hızlı toplumsal değişimler ise bireyselciliğe eleştirel bir bakış açısı getirmiştir. Sadece bireysel değerlerin sağlıklı bir Amerikan toplumu oluşturmak için tek başına yeterli olmadığını savunan Amerikalı sosyologlar, 1950'lerden sonra Amerikan toplumuna egemen olan sosyal, ahlaki ve kurumsal çöküşü eleştirmişlerdir. Bu nedenle, Amerikan toplumunda hakim olan "önce ben" narsistik anlayışının "önce biz" toplumsal anlayışı ile dengelenmesi gerektiğini söylemişlerdir. Benzer şekilde, E. B. White da çocuk edebiyatında, "ben" ve "biz" olgusunu birleştiren bir anlatım sergiler, ve bireyselcilik ile topluluk değerleri arasında sağlıklı bir denge kuran hikayeler yazar. Bu anlamda E. B. White'ın çocuk kitapları diğer çocuk kitaplarından farklılık gösterir. Bu tez Stuart Little, Charlotte's Web ve The Trumpet of the Swan adlı üç çocuk kitabının içerdiği konu ve temalar bakımından E.B.White'ın ahlaki sesini nasıl yansıttığını metin analizi yöntemini kullanarak incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Bireyselciliğin kontrol edilemez yükselişi nedeniyle, E.B. White, Amerikan toplumunda toplumsal değerlerin yavaş yavaş yok olduğunu görmüş ve topluluk ruhunun çocuğun hayatında yerini almasını sağlayarak bu duruma çözüm bulmaya çalışmıştır. Değişimin çocuktan başlayacağı inancıyla E. B. White, bireysel değerlerle toplumsal değerleri çocuk kitaplarında buluşturmuş ve Amerikan toplumu için vazgeçilmez olan bireysel değerler kadar toplumsal değerlerin de sağlıklı bir Amerikan toplumu için önemli olduğunu çocuk okurlarına hatırlatmıştır. Bu anlamda, her üç romanın baş kahramanları için başarıya giden yol özgürlük ve macera ruhu ile birleşen arkadaşlık ve dayanışma ruhudur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocukluğun Sosyal İnşası, Çocuk Edebiyatı, Narsistik Kültür, Bireyselcilik, Toplulukçuluk, E.B.White, Sağaltıcı Anlatı.
Küyerelleşme sayesinde gücün geri kazanımı ve ekonomik egemenliğe meydan okuma: Neal Stephenson'un Elmas Çağı; ya da Genç Bir Kadının Resimli Okuma Kitabı romanında akıllı güç
Written by Neal Stephenson in 1995, The Diamond Age or A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer (The Diamond Age) is a post-cyberpunk novel depicting a world controlled by powerful nation-states in which nanotechnology penetrates itself to all aspects of life. The novel based on the historical Boxer Rebellion, a movement that was organized by a Chinese anti-Christian group in China in the turn of the twentieth century, deals with the challenges of globalization (such as cultural homogenization, poverty, post-scarcity economics). As a response to these challenges, this dissertation argues that The Diamond Age posits the construction of glocal spaces and identities as well as the development of glocal policies through the enactment and dissemination of "smart power." In this respect this dissertation advocates "smart power" as an indispensable component of the glocalization process. It will demonstrate how in Diamond Age, power actors try to strengthen their claimed positions by combining various power strategies adapted from soft and hard power types (such as cultural attraction, military power, oppressive financial enforcements, diplomatic charisma). This is understandable since in reality, nation-states so as to become culturally unique and powerful in the world arena, need to form their policies and products revolving around their own authentic culture. Of course, this can be unlocked through self-empowerment, cultural and historical awareness, and integrity. Otherwise, a "glocalization process" without a compass serves only for the needs of "globalization" since they are intertwined most of the time. By acknowledging various power theories, this study will analyze and compare the historical and fictional versions of the Boxer Rebellion. It intends to scrutinize the power politics inherent in the The Diamond Age by drawing a parallelism between the historical Boxer Rebellion and its fictional version. It reads the fictional victory of China in the aftermath of the Boxer Rebellion as the victory of smart power and glocalization. In this respect, hard and soft power types are defined along with globalism and locality so as to explain and to elaborate on the altered official ending of the Boxer Rebellion. Deducing from the novel The Diamond Age, it will be argued that in order to be a powerful and free nation, "glocalization" and "smart power" have to be wielded together as a combination since they complete each other. For this reason, it can be said that in a world which is dominated by hegemonic and ever-controlling global powers, the rise of China depends on a rebellious act: an act that takes its momentum from local historical, cultural values and a clever fusion of soft and hard power types: Smart Power. Keywords: Globalization, Glocalization, The Boxer Rebellion, Soft Power, Hard Power, Smart Power, Power Politics, International Relations, The People's Republic of China, The United States of America, Self-empowerment, Nanotechnology, Conflict, Consensus, Post Cyberpunk, Nanopunk, Science Fiction
Aldo Leopold'un toprak etiği ve Leslie Marmon Silko'nun Seremoni'si
American environmentalist, nature writer and philosopher Aldo Leopold's idea of "land ethic", which reminds us of the fact that we are "plain members of the biotic community", has attracted great attention since its first day and has become one of the cornerstones of environmental philosophy. This dissertation aims to analyze Leopold's philosophy as it is described in his seminal work A Sand County Almanac (1949) and how it is observed in the modernist Native American novel Ceremony (1977) by Leslie Marmon Silko. Throughout the thesis, in an ecocritical frame, I try to develop my argument that many elements of Leopold's land ethic are also present in the Native American tradition, and these elements can be observed in Silko's Ceremony. The study consists of two chapters, the introduction and conclusion parts. In the first chapter, Leopold's literary essay "The Land Ethic" in A Sand County Almanac is examined closely in an attempt to understand its contribution to environmental ethics. The second chapter focuses on Leslie Marmon Silko's famous novel Ceremony. I begin this chapter with looking at Silko's own life; then I try to bring together concepts from Leopold's land ethic and view of nature and ethic in Native American culture. I analyze the novel by looking at the language, characters and events closely to find out and highlight the parallels with Leopold's land ethic.
N. Scott Momaday'in The Way to Rainy Mountain, The Names ve The Ancient Child adlı yapıtlarında Kızılderili benlik arayışı
Momaday, who grew up within both white culture and Native American culture, explores his own cultural identity in his works The Way to Rainy Mountain, The Names and The Ancient Child. In this way, he tries to recover his Native American culture from near-destruction and help immortalize it by popularizing the ignored literature of Native Americans to the world. Momaday's recovery of Native American culture is accompanied with the recovery of his personal past: He also establishes the Native American self he searches in the places of interest for his family. What helps him in this search is his "blood memory," a capacity that help him imagine with his mind's eye, sights and experiences of the past although he has never actually been there. Momaday's identity as Native American does not depend on the proportion of native American blood which is inherited from his ancestors, but rather in the elements of memory, "memory in blood" and imagination in his three books. He deals with searching for his cultural identity, based on retelling of memories, memory in blood and imagination. Through the power of language, he believes that even the little Native American blood he possesses, is enough to connect with his ancestors. He also strongly believes in the power of words engender or create. Therefore, as an author, he contributes to his Native culture and reaches his readers who may seek their connections in their blood memories. Keywords: N. Scott Momaday, The Way to Rainy Mountain, The Names, The Ancient Child, Identity, Cultural Identity, Native American Literature.
İki ekolojik perspektif: Yaşlı Adam ve Deniz ile Deniz Küstü romanlarındaki deniz imgeleri
Images are a method of self-expansion and enrichment of literary texts since this enrichment is essential in narratives that undertake a multidimensional activity such as reflecting life. According to the famous religious historian Mircea Eliade, the image is a "bunch of meaning". He maintains that the images that make the narrative multiple or layered enable a text to reflect the versatility of life. On the other hand, Viktor Emil Frankl, the founder of the third school of psychoanalysis, argues that modern man lives with the desire to give meaning to what he has experienced rather than with the instinct that Freud claims, or the desire to take part in society as Adler claims. The meaning he attributes to any experience can make him happy and satisfying, or vice versa. However, according to Frankl, meaning arises at the end of a conscious decision-making process that arises from one's interaction with life rather than a fixed secret that is hidden and waiting to be found. The person chooses or determines the meaning. Frankl's search for meaning naturally manifests itself in literary texts which have been a reflection of human adventure throughout history. Heroes who lose meaning in life or seek to attain a new meaning gain experience and knowledge through the events they go through. Through these gains, a new meaning is added to the hero's experience and existence. This thesis explores the fact that the image of the sea with its distinctive features in the human mind is an important channel for heroes in their search for meaning in literary narrations.
Kazuo İshiguro'nun when we were orphans ve never let me go adlı romanlarında korku faktörü olarak poesk mekan
As an element of literature, space plays an important role on the evocation of certain feelings because space is not only a container of things but it is a subjective reality. The meaning of the space depends on the person who attaches meaning to it. In Poe's stories, it is the narrator who forges the meaning of space based on his most important tool, stories. Gothic fiction is probably the most typical example in which space is used to create different moods and emotions. Gothic uses this element to create a horrid atmosphere filled with darkness and unknown. Edgar Allan Poe, as a gothic fiction writer, owes his gothic effect largely to the narrator's perception and understanding of space. Radiating from the narrator's mind, Poe's space uncannily echoes everywhere. While Poe masterfully manipulates the imagination of his narrator, he successfully draws his reader to this horrid space. The contemporary writer Kazuo Ishiguro echoes Poe in terms of the concept of space in his novels. For both Poe and Ishiguro, the uncanny and doubles are extremely important elements. Both writers use these elements in order to blur the boundaries of reality. Threatening the boundaries of reality leads to doubts as to taken-for-granted definitions. Besides, stories play an important role in creating space for both Ishiguro and Poe. This thesis aims to follow the projections of the methods used by Kazuo Ishiguro in his novels Never Let Me Go and When We Were Orphans, such as narration or storytelling, doubles, unknown and uncanny which Edgar Allan Poe uses to create his gothic space.
Amerikan hegemonyasında eksen ülkelerin rolü: Türkiye örneği
The Cold War which emerged with the end of the Second World War was concluded with the triumph of the United States, and it ultimately showed up as a leader of the unipolar world. However, the U.S. had to spend its resources to establish a new world order, to dominate the world and to extend its hegemonic control during this process that lasted more than forty years. Dealing with every country one by one and developing foreign policy in this direction have tired the U.S. out and new and a more practical foreign policy has been required to maintain the current order. This new foreign policy aims to maintain U.S. world leadership and the continuation of its national interests by determining the pivotal states which have the capacity to affect their regions and neighboring countries with their advantageous locations and distinguishing features. Turkey which is among the chosen states in this policy occupies a significant place due to its location and deep-rooted bilateral relations with the U.S. Besides, the U.S. pays particular attention to Turkey which connects Asia and Europe and forms a border with a very important geography, the Middle East, from which the U.S. derives benefits. As Turkey's pivotal status is indisputable, new Donald Trump Administration pursues an unfavorable foreign policy that disregards Turkey's significance, sabotages the dialogue between the two countries, threatens Turkey's national security and still remains uncertain in international relations. In this study, I aim to scrutinize the current pivotal status of Turkey under existing conditions and U.S.-Turkish relations on the basis of the Syrian question. Key Words: United States of America, Turkey, Syrian, Pivotal State, The Cold War, Foreign Policy, Donald Trump
Postmodern mekâna yeniden dönüş: Mark Z. Danielewski, Steve Tomasula ve Lance Olsen'ın seçili romanlarında hipermetinsellik ve maddesellik
This dissertation explores the role of space and spatial practices in contemporary American fiction which are revealed through the use of postmodernist literary characteristics, hypertext and materiality. In connection with the growing critical interest in the workings of space, its uses, and constructions, contemporary fiction offers a rich ground for the discussions of space and spatiality. By focusing on three contemporary novels House of Leaves (2000) by Mark Z. Danielewski, VAS: An Opera in Flatland (2002) by Steve Tomasula, Theories of Forgetting (2014) by Lance Olsen in three chapters, the characteristics of postmodernism, hypertext, and materiality are investigated in the novels that contemplate on the multilayered, fragmented, and networked space of contemporary culture. This research outlines three categories, the spatial form, the narrative space, and the spatial design through which the novels show how an understanding of space is inextricably bound to the form, the content, and the material features of the novel. The first category in this study is the spatial form which is used and extended with postmodern literary devices and hypertext. The second category of space is the narrative space of the fictional world which contemplates on different places and spaces such as the house, the human body, and the earthwork. The final category of space is the spatial design, or the material space of the page and the book. Focusing on these three categories, this study prompts a re-thinking of the role of space in fiction and the ways it reshapes the novels by creating literary architectures in experimental ways.
Yalnızlık, tecrit ve cinsellik: Carson Mccullers'ın öykülerinde ergenlerin betimlenmesi
Southern literature underwent a renaissance between the 1920s and 40s when authors of the era created works in a new literary mode called Southern Gothic and used grotesque elements to dismantle the idols and values of the Old South. Carson McCullers was one of them and her Southern Gothic style created a number of grotesque characters, many of whom were adolescents, who became the embodiment of southern society as it existed during the Great Depression in the 1930s and the Second World War in the 1940s. She told the stories of these socially-excluded children and ostracized teenagers who transgressed boundaries defined by the rigid social conventions in her short fiction. Using a queer theory framework, this thesis will analyze the grotesque children, adolescents, and families found in six of Carson McCullers's short stories—"The Haunted Boy" (1955), "Breath from the Sky" (1971), "Like That" (1971), "Wunderkind" (1936), "Court in the West Eighties" (1971), and "The Orphanage" (1971)—with a special focus on expressions of loneliness, isolation, and sexuality. By examining these characters and their gothic manifestations, more insight can be gained into McCullers's thoughts on the crucial issues of her time, especially (homo)sexuality, gender expression (tomboys, masculinity, and femininity), sexual awakening, (dis)placement, and apathy. Analyzing these understudied characters is particularly important because they serve as significant forerunners to her later adolescent characters found in novels and plays such as The Heart is a Lonely Hunter, The Member of the Wedding and Clock Without Hands. Moreover, the adolescent characters in her short stories provide us with a window into American society, and especially the changing nature of the family unit, during the Great Depression and Second World War eras, which McCullers evaluates and critiques through a Southern Gothic lens.
Cecile Pineda'nın Face ve Ariel Dorfman'ın Mascara romanlarında damgalanmış yüzler ve kimlikler
In this study, the major characters in Cecile Pineda's Face and Ariel Dorfman's Mascara who are excluded from their social environment because of their facial disfigurement are analyzed within the framework of Erving Goffman's "stigma theory." Goffman defines the concept of "stigma(tization)" as a process of disqualifying people when their physical and/or moral characteristics fall outside the standards of society. Helio Cara in Face and the unnamed narrator in Mascara are characters stigmatized by the majority who deem themselves to be "normal." These characters are exposed to humiliating and degrading treatment that greatly limits their life choices. The creation and maintenance of stigma points to a more complicated process that involves power dynamics. Power acts through a system of norms that mediate knowledge about oneself and others. In this sense, the construction of stigma as an inferior social category and the classification of people according to it is closely related to the relations of power which penetrate people's lives in a range of social institutions such as language, knowledge, and the law. Similarly, these novels are preoccupied with the power relations that govern relationships among subjects and encourage them to occupy the stigmatized role prescribed to them by society. Through his critical ideas on the formation of the subject, Jacques Lacan draws attention to an existential lack and a necessary split in the individual in the process of his/her becoming a social and cultural subject. The subject's tendency to conform to the norms of society is closely intertwined with a continuous "desire" that arises in relation to this existential lack. This lack also leads subject to be a part of the symbolic "Other" of society, which is presented to the subject much like an ideal with which to identify in order to be a full-fledged human being. For the stigmatized characters in this study, the burden based on this lack is doubled because they lack both in being and in the face, the most critical body part in assigning identity to an individual. Because of socially constructed realities and widely practiced methods, Helio Cara in Face and the unnamed narrator in Mascara turn out to be victims of societies taking normative models as points of reference. Exceptionally, however, instead of embracing representations of their stigmatized identities, Helio Cara and the unnamed narrator manage to find a way to overcome their so-called difference and outsider status, which ultimately positions them outside the restrictive definitions regarding stigma.
Geçmişe yolculuk: Jonathan Safran Foer'in romanlarda şiddet ve travma anlatıları
Each of Jonathan Safran Foer's three novels, discussed in this thesis, depicts the aftermath of a massive violent event and its effect on the life of an individual. In many respects, Foer creates a collage of historical traumas that the global community was exposed to throughout the twentieth and the twenty-first centuries. His debut novel Everything is Illuminated (2002) addresses the difficulties of the personalization of the Holocaust legacy; the second novel, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close (2005), which deals with the 9/11 terrorist attacks, shows the problems associated with narrating personal trauma and expressing the grief for the loss of loved ones; the latest novel Here I Am (2016) counterpoises a family's marital crisis with an ongoing international military conflict in the Middle East. In these novels the representation of violence ranges from the graphic portrayals of physical mutilations as in episodes of Nazi torturing or descriptions of the nuclear attack on Hiroshima, to depictions of an on-line battle. This thesis suggests that in his novels Foer presents an extended temporal and spatial perspective on violence in order to illustrate an individual's response to well-known and well-documented cases of mass-violence. The three novels transform impersonal factual information about historical brutality into intimate and subjective testimonies and narratives about personal traumas. Foer's characters try to cope with their personal tragedies and overcome the intergenerational continuum of trauma. At the same time, the author stresses the need to pass on knowledge and the truth about incidents of brutality to future generations.
Gerçekçi yazar Kate Chopin'in kısa hikâyelerindeki kadın karakterler ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin temsili
On dokuzuncu yüzyılın ikinci yarısının en önemli kadın yazarlarından biri olarak addedilen Kate Chopin (1850-1904), İç Savaş sonrası değişen düzen içerisinde sınıf, toplum, ırk, kadın ve toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri gibi evrensel konular hakkında yazmıştır. Kate Chopin'in ve çalışmalarının yazdığı dönemde tartışma konusu olması çok önemlidir çünkü o dönem kadınları kısıtlayan, baskılayan, Afrikalı- Amerikalıları toplumdan dışlayan bir dönemdir. Ayrıca, Güneyde, farklı etnik kökenlerden ve kültürlerden gelen insanlar aynı toplumda yaşamaktadırlar ve bu da sınıf farklılıkları anlamına gelmektedir. Böylesine karmaşık bir düzende iniş ve çıkışlarla dolu bir hayat yaşamış olarak, Kate Chopin zamanın ötesinde bir kadın olmayı, ileri görüşlü, duyarlı, daha da önemlisi cesur bir yazar olmayı başarmıştır. Akademik kaynaklar ışığında yazılan bu tez, Kate Chopin'in hikâyelerini nasıl yazdığını, karakterlerin yaşam şekillerini nasıl belirlediğini, onlara ne gibi roller verdiğini ve bunları yaparken Güneyin ekonomik, kültürel ve sosyal özelliklerini nasıl kullandığını ele almıştır. Bu bağlamda, onun gerçekçi, bölgeselci ve yerel renkler yazarı tarafları çalışmalarını anlamak açısından önem kazanmaktadır. Ek olarak, Kate Chopin'in feminist bir yazar olmadığı ama sınıfları, etnik kökenleri ve ırkları ne olursa olsun kadınlara önem verdiği vurgulanmaktadır. Son olarak, tezde detaylı olarak açıklanan 'Gerçek Kadınlık İnancı' ve 'Yeni Kadın' kavramları gibi kadın anlayışlarını hikâyelerinde nasıl yansıttığı incelenmiştir.