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Çift erek kitleli değişken bir metin olarak Alice Harikalar Diyarında çevirilerinde yayınevi ideolojilerinin varlığının sorgulanması
Bu çalışmanın amacı, çift erek kitleli bir değişken metin olarak Alice Harikalar Diyarında (Alice in Wonderland) isimli eserin dördü çocuk yazını dizgesine dördü de yetişkin yazını dizgesine yönelik olarak oluşturulmuş çevirilerini erek metinlerin dizgelerinden kaynaklanan bir ideolojik yönlendirmeye maruz kalıp kalmadıkları açısından incelemektir. Çalışma kapsamında çeviri ve ideoloji ilişkisi irdelenecek, çeviri sürecinin dilsel boyutlarının yanı sıra sosyal ve ideolojik boyutları da mercek altına alınacaktır. Erek metinlerin önce bulundukları dizgedeki diğer çevirilerle, sonra da diğer dizgenin bütüncesini oluşturan erek metinlerle karşılaştırılmasıyla elde edilen veriler Itamar Even-Zohar tarafından önerilen Çoğuldizge Kuramı ile André Lefevere tarafından önerilen Yeniden Yazım Kuramı'na dayandırılarak değerlendirilecektir. Bu çalışma kapsamında yapılacak değişken metinlerin çevirisi üzerinden çocuk yazını dizgesinde yer alan çevirilerin niteliğine ilişkin çıkarımlarla değişken metin kavramı ve çocuk yazını çevirilerinde ideoloji konularında yapılacak çalışmaların önünü açmak hedeflenmektedir. Anahtar Sözcükler: Değişken Metinler, Yeniden Yazım Kuramı, Çocuk Yazını, Çeviride İdeoloji, Alice Harikalar Diyarında.
İdeoloji ve manipülasyon ışığında çeviri: "Batının Gözüyle Türkler serisi"
As important documents for historical, anthropological, sociological and cultural value they bear, travel accounts have been translated into Turkish for a long time. The book series entitled "Turks in the Eyes of the West" launched by Dergah Publishing in 2008 set an example for the translated travel writing in Turkish literary system. Using the parallelism between travel writing and translation in terms of being manipulative literary activities (Bassnett 2004) as a point of reference, this book series is used as a case study. As for the theoretical framework of this study, the concepts "rewriting", "manipulation" (Lefevere 1992) and "reverse orientalism" (Sadiq Jalal al-Azm 1982) will be used to comparatively analyse the target texts and source texts and to seek for the effects of reverse orientalism and manipulation in translation. Paratextual elements (Genette 1997) pertaining to the books in the series will be analysed in order to shed light on the translational activities in relation to the abovementioned concepts. Additionally, interviews with the book series editor and the translators of the books serve as an important complementary material that supports the findings that the translatorial agents have used translation and publishing practice to make them fit in with their ideological aims and agendas of reverse orientalism. Keywords: Travel Writing, Travel Writing Translation, Rewriting, Manipulation, Paratextual Elements, Dergah Publishing
Eğitim ortamlarında paydaşların toplum çevirmenliğine yönelik algı ve beklentileri
Son yıllarda artan uluslararası göç hareketleri, pek çok ülkenin demografik yapısını hızla çok dilli ve çok kültürlü hâle getirmiş; savaşlar, ekonomik nedenler ve doğal afetler, göçü tetikleyen başlıca etkenler arasında yer alarak özellikle eğitim, sağlık ve hukuk gibi temel kamu hizmetlerine erişimde dil engelini ön plana çıkarmıştır. Bu bağlamda toplum çevirmenliği (TÇ), farklı dil ve kültürlerden gelen bireyler ile hizmet sağlayıcılar arasında köprü kuran stratejik bir araç hâline gelmiştir. Bu araştırmada, Amasya, Çorum, Samsun ve Tokat illerinde (TR83) görev yapan eğitim paydaşları (okul yöneticileri, öğretmenler, psikolojik danışmanlar, veliler) ile profesyonel ve ad hoc toplum çevirmenlerin TÇ'yi nasıl algıladıkları, deneyimledikleri ve değerlendirdikleri incelenmiştir. Amaçlı, maksimum çeşitlilik ve kar topu örnekleme teknikleriyle belirlenen katılımcılarla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmış, veriler yorumlayıcı fenomenolojik analizle (YFA) çözümlenmiştir. Bulgular, TÇ'nin eğitim ortamlarında iletişim engellerini azaltıcı, kültürlerarası anlayışı güçlendirici bir işleve sahip olduğunu; özellikle çok dilli öğrenci nüfusuna sahip okullarda çevirmenlerin öğrenci–veli–okul arasındaki köprü rolünü üstlendiğini göstermiştir. Ancak Türkiye'de eğitim ortamlarında TÇ'ye ilişkin sistemli ve kurumsallaşmış bir yapı bulunmamakta, yasal düzeyde herhangi bir belge ya da kanuni düzenleme mevcut değildir. Hizmetin niteliğinin çevirmenin dilsel yeterliği, kültürel bilgisi ve etik duyarlılığına bağlı olduğu; profesyonel olmayan çevirmenlerin yanlış anlamalara yol açabileceği, profesyonel çevirmenlerin ise terminoloji hâkimiyetinin iletişimi güçlendirdiği belirtilmiştir. TÇ'ye, resmi süreçler (kayıt, nakil, denklik, veli görüşmeleri) ile öğrenci–öğretmen iletişimi, oryantasyon, uyum, öğrenci ihtiyaçlarının tespiti, okul kültürünün aktarılması ve arabuluculuk gibi alanlarda ihtiyaç duyulmakta; rehberlik hizmetleri, anlaşmazlık çözümü, özel durum görüşmeleri, yeni gelen öğrencilerin karşılanması ve velilere bilgilendirme gibi durumlarda da sıkça başvurulmaktadır. Okullarda çevirmenlik rolünün çoğu zaman öğrencilere veya kardeşlerine verildiği, bunun gizlilik, rol çatışması ve doğruluk açısından riskler barındırdığı; çocuk çevirmenliğin hız, erişilebilirlik ve dil yetkinliği algısıyla tercih edilmesine rağmen tarafsızlık izlenimini zedeleyebildiği, ikincil travma, damgalanma ve güç dengesizlikleri gibi olumsuzluklar yaratabildiği saptanmıştır. Çocuk çevirmenler akran zorbalığı, tehdit veya dışlanmaya maruz kalabilmekte; kimi zaman bilgiyi eksik ya da çarpıtılmış biçimde aktarmaktadır. Çocuklar çoğu zaman bu görevi memnuniyetle kabul etseler de rol çatışması ve duygusal yük görünmezleşmektedir. Profesyonel çeviri hizmetlerinin yokluğunda teknolojik çözümler ve yetişkin aracılar devreye girse de çoğu zaman yetersiz kalmakta; makine çevirisi ve mobil çeviri araçlarının tam anlamıyla işlevsel kullanılmaması iletişim kalitesini sınırlamaktadır. Ayrıca yapay zekâ entegrasyonuna yönelik herhangi bir bulguya rastlanmamıştır. Çocukların yetişkinlere özgü konulara tanıklığı, çocuğun yüksek yararı ilkesine aykırı düşmektedir. Sonuç olarak eğitimde TÇ, geçici bir kolaylaştırma değil; erişim, adalet ve katılım için yaşamsal bir altyapıdır. Bu doğrultuda, okul temelli ve sürdürülebilir istihdam modelleri, açık iş tanımı–etik protokoller–nitelik güvencesi, çocuk çevirmenliği önleyici yazılı düzenlemeler, paydaşlara yönelik farkındalık programları ve dijital araçların mahremiyet–doğruluk ilkeleriyle bütünleşik kullanımı önerilmektedir.
İnşaat alanındaki İngilizceden Türkçeye çevrilmiş TSE standartlarının çeviri kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi: Skopos Kuramı ışığı altında komisyonun etkisinin incelenmesi
In the rapidly globalized world, the need for mass production has increased the necessity for standards and their translations. National standardization body of Turkey, Turkish Standards Institution (TSE), went through a radical change in translation policy in the year of 2016, which resulted in the introduction of a new standard developing and translation guide, which is a commission in terms of Skopos theory. The present study aims to evaluate the quality of standards translated from English into Turkish after and before the year of 2016 to determine where there has been an improvement in the translation quality of standards as a result of the innovation. For this purpose, corpus one (C1) consisting of 10 randomly chosen construction standards translated before the year of 2016 and corpus two (C2) consisting of 10 randomly chosen construction standards translated after the year of 2016 were evaluated according to Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) translation quality assessment model (Lommel, Burchardt & Uszkoreit, 2015). Translation errors found in each corpus were classified according to seventeen error types of this model and weighting according to their severities. The results of translation quality analysis of C1 and C2 were compared to find out whether there was any improvement in translation quality of C2 after the introduction of the commission in the year of 2016. The quantitative data analysis revealed that there were 544 instance of translation error observed in C1, while in C2, the number of error decreased to 314. Statistical analysis revealed that the introduction of the commission has significantly improved translation quality. The qualitative analysis revealed that the error patterns differed between the two corpora: in C1 translation errors statistically distributed uniformly over categories while in C2 the majority of the errors were left in the category of Fluency which could be attributed to the peculiarities of the guideline of 2016. As a result, the present study provides a piece of evidence that the presence of commission is likely to enhance the quality of translation and supports the view of Vermeer that a translator should be provided with a properly defined commission before starting the process of translation. Key Words: Translation Quality Assessment, Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM), Skopos Theory, Standards, Technical Translation
Video oyunlarının Türkçe çevirilerinde yerlileştirme ve yabancılaştırma
One of the most important features of video games is their ability to immerse the player into the game universe. Video game developers use storytelling, along with visual and auditory elements, in order to create this immersion. The game universe that is created to convey the story to the player usually includes its own history, culture, and cultural elements. A video game also includes culture-specific items that belong to the culture that the video game is created in, i.e. the culture of the video game developers. As a result, players who play the game in its original language encounter both unfamiliar (game-universe specific) and familiar (their domestic culture) CSIs. This study aims to research the Turkish translation of the CSIs that are encountered in video games in light of Venuti's (1995) domestication and foreignization, and Aixela's (1996) substitution and conservation concepts. To this end, ten video games that are translated from English into Turkish have been analyzed; the CSIs in these games have been located; the cultures that these CSIs belong to have been identified; and the strategies that are used in their Turkish translations have been studied. Furthermore, the translator's choices regarding these strategies and whether the translated CSIs can invoke the same feeling on the target player as the source player have also been discussed. This study has revealed that the CSIs that belong to the game universe are generally foreignized in the target text, while the CSIs that belong to the culture of the source text are domesticated. It must be noted that this method can be observed as a general tendency in all of the analyzed translated games. It can be argued that the reason for the high prevalence of this approach may be the translators' effort to preserve the foreignness of the items that are already foreign for the source player, and to familiarize the items that are already familiar for the source player. This method enables the target language player to both encounter unfamiliar game-universe specific concepts, and to feel in an environment laden with familiar cultural items in contexts that do not belong to the game universe. Hence, it is reasonable to argue that both of these situations aid the video game in creating the immersion for the player. Keywords video game translation, culture-specific items, domestication, foreignization, substitution and conservation
Adli tıp romanlarının melez metin türü olarak çevirisi: Patricia Cornwell'ın Trace adlı romanı üzerine bir vaka çalışması
Crime evokes negativity within our minds. Punishment and elimination of any kind of attitude or action which threatens or damages the current order within a society is of great importance in terms of sustaining the public peace and order. The concept of crime, which was involved in literature in 1800s, evolved in time just like the society and has been given different names; such as detective stories, spy stories, dime novels, crime novels and so on. With the advancements in technology, the field of criminology has also been developed extensively; and investigation of crime has become the work field of criminology and forensic specialists rather than wise detectives with strong foresight. These developments were also reflected in literature and formed today's sub-genre of forensic novels. The aim of this study is to suggest the classification of forensic novels as hybrid texts in term of the language used, as well as proving the necessity of adopting different translational techniques during process. These texts are both descriptive in terms of being situated within literary conventions, and informative because of containing technical language and special-field terminology. This structure of forensic novels entails different translational approaches, depending on the terminology encountered. The study is based on the novel Trace by Patricia Cornwell, who is one of the foremost forensic novel authors in literature, and its translation İz by Zeliha İyidoğan Babayiğit. A total of 50 randomly selected terms/cultural items will be analyzed under two categories as (1) technical terms and (2) cultural elements; and the methods and strategies applied by the translator will be identified. These technical terms and cultural elements will be explained in light of the domestication and foreignization techniques suggested by Lawrence Venuti and strategies used in the translation of Culture-specific Items (CSIs) suggested by Javier Franco Aixelá. Also, choices of the translator in the act of translation will be analyzed. Additionally, the first samples of crime fiction, its historical development in the world, its sub-genres, when and how it was introduced with Turkey, the first attempts for authentic stories and its situation within the literature will be explained elaborately. Within the scope of the thesis, the research questions regarding the potential challenges encountered in the translation of forensic novels, and the qualifications a translator must have while translating such novels will be answered.
Video oyunu yerelleştirmesine özgü zorlukların üstesinden gelmek için kullanılan yaklaşımlar ve stratejiler
Video games have become a global industry producing billions of dollars in revenue each year. For this reason, the importance of video game localization industry is increasing with each passing day. The aim of this study is to develop an understanding on the specific challenges posed by video game localization and examine the approaches and strategies employed by the localizers to overcome these challenges. To this end, the Turkish localizations of two popular games in Turkey, League of Legends and Football Manager 2015, have been choosen to be analyzed. Both qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to conduct this descriptive study. Relevant examples highlighting the challenges faced by the localizers of the games have been presented, and the source and target texts have been compared to assess the strategies employed by the localizers. The study demonstrates that video games with different genres and themes create their own unique localization-related challenges. While Football Manager 2015 mostly causes problems for the localizers due to lack of context and its use of variable text strings, the challenges of the localization process of League of Legends are mostly related to preserving the entertainment factor. Another finding of the study is that the localizers of both games have drawn upon target culture norms to create experiences that feel native. The analysis of the two games reveal that localizers working on video games have to be culturally aware, tech-savvy and have a strong grasp on gaming as a whole as well as the theme and genre conventions of the specific video game they are localizing. This study is carried out with the hope of making a contribution to this emerging field in Turkey and paving the way for further studies.
Orhan Pamuk'un Kara Kitap adlı romanının iki çevirisinin Berman'ın biçembilimsel perspektifi çerçevesinde karşılaştırmalı incelenmesi
Style is a constitution of conscious or unconscious choice of langugae set by the writer in a specific literary work. It has certain unique characteristics that reflect the witer's intentions and it is closely related to translation studies. When the peculiar style of a writer needs to be translated, the target text should preserve the unique stylistic characteristics belonging to the source text writer and culture. As it is a rather challenging task, certain deformations may occur during the translation process. This study aims at exploring whether the stylistic features of Orhan Pamuk's Kara Kitap which has been selected as the source text is kept in the two English translations of the novel translated by Güneli Gün (1994) and Maureen Freely (2006) which are the target texts of the study. A comparative stylistic analysis has been conducted in the light of Antoine Berman's Analytic of Translation and his twelve deforming tendencies that are introduced within the analytic. Berman's analytic has been taken as the main methodological framework of the study, and to complete the analysis in a more detailed way, five examples have been chosen from the source and target texts. At the end of the analysis, it has been found out that although the deforming tendencies have been observed in both target texts, in Freely's translation, the source text seems to be more deformed as a result of the frequent use of deforming tendencies and the adopted target-oriented strategey. On the other hand, Gün's translation has appeared to be more faithful to the original with fewer deforming tendencies in number resulting from the chosen source-oriented strategy. Key Words Style, stylistics, Antoine Berman, Analytic of Translation, deforming tendencies, Orhan Pamuk, Kara Kitap
Farmakoloji metinlerinin çevirisi: Katzung ve Trevor'ın farmakoloji kitabına yönelik işlevsel bir durum çalışması
All fields of science question the same thing: Do all the actions take place for a reason? Similarly, in the field of translation studies, in the 1980s Holz-Mänttäri proposed that translingual practices are based on an aim. In terms of translation studies, all kinds of texts that are built on the foundation of an aim turns into a part of Action Theory (Yazıcı, 2005: 53). Hans J. Vermeer who introduced the Skopos Theory in the field of Translation states that all translation actions has a Skopos, i.e. a purpose (1996:12). In this study, it is aimed at focusing on the Skopos of the translation of the book entitled Katzung and Trevor's Pharmacology Examination and Board Review which is used as a textbook and has become an indispensable part of the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacology. It is worth contemplating on this book due to the fact that it is the most popular and mostly the only textbook that is read and studied in the most significant two fields dealing with human health: Medicine and Pharmacology. First of all, the thesis studies the methods and developments in pharmacology that have been observed from the past to the present, and the developments in Turkey related to this field are referred. Then, the studies on functional theories in translation and the development, the scope, and the basic principles of Skopos theory as well as criticisms against the theory are explained. Lastly, Turkish translation of Katzung and Trevor Farmakology Examination and Board Review which is a comprehensive source in the field of pharmacology is analysed in the framework of skopos, coherence and fidelity rules, and the functions of the translation in the source language are analyzed.
Gulliver'in Seyahatleri'nin tam metin çevirilerindeki metin dışı unsurların karşılaştırmalı analizi
Jonathan Swift's work, Gulliver's Travels is regarded as one of the most important satirical works of English literature. The novel mainly includes explicit and implicit criticisms of institutions and humankind. However, the book is not always perceived as a satirical work because of non-textual elements applied by the publisher, the author or by a third party. Genette (1997) has defined these elements as paratextual elements which enable a work to become a book and to reach the reader. Besides, these elements affect the reception of a text. The aim of this study is to explore the paratextual elements in the complete translations of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels and to find out the most effective elements on the reception of the novel by the reader. The study firstly carries out a bibliographic survey to demonstrate the position of the book in the Turkish literary polysystem within the framework of Itamar Even-Zohar's (1990) polysystem theory. It later analyzes the paratextual elements of the complete translations of the novel translated by İrfan Şahinbaş, Kıymet Erzincan Kına and Can Ömer Kalaycı, and published by five different publishing houses. It finally discusses the most effective elements which can change the perception of Gulliver's Travels. As a result, the study shows that the novel is mostly appreciated as a part of children's literature in the Turkish literary polysystem and it also finds out four effective paratextual elements which are the titles of the series, the please-inserts, the prefatory notes and the notes among eight detected elements in the complete translations. Although the bibliographical survey displays its position in the Turkish literary polysystem mostly as a work of children's literature, the paratextual elements of the complete translations reveal the satirical style of Swift and the target reader as adults. Keywords Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels, polysystem theory, paratextual elements, perception.