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Archived Theses
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Well-being in older migrants and non-migrants in Germany: A specific look at health and poverty dimensions
Well-being among older people has become an essential matter, as the ageing population throughout the world become a more widespread phenomenon. Well-being is an implicit notion, which can be approached in different ways. This thesis approaches well-being from both objective and subjective perspectives and analyses its two measurable dimensions as health and poverty. This thesis aims to examine health and poverty determinants among the older population in Germany and to find whether health and poverty status converge to or diverge from each other for older migrants and non-migrants. Health is examined by looking at diabetes, depression, and subjective health measures. Poverty is examined by looking at income, wealth, and subjective poverty measures. As the data source, Wave 7 of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement of Europe is used. Six hypotheses were formulated based on migration status and length of residence, and outcome variables. Binary logistic regression model is employed to reveal the factors affecting health and poverty of the older migrants and non-migrants. Descriptive statistics by the prevalence of diabetes, depression, subjective health, income poverty, wealth poverty and subjective poverty are presented. For each model, binary logistic regression tables are given. By focusing the migration status and length of residence, the results are discussed within the framework of the healthy immigrant effect for the health models. For the poverty models, the results were discussed by comparing them with that of the previous research and hypotheses formulated. The results suggest that for health models, both older migrant groups have higher odds of having diabetes than natives. Western older migrants have lower odds of having depression while non-Western migrants have similar to that of natives. Both migrant groups have similar odds of having poor subjective health when compared to non-migrants. For poverty models, both migrant groups have higher odds of having income poverty than natives. Western migrants have lower odds of having wealth poverty while non-Western migrants have higher odds of wealth poverty compared to natives. Western migrants have similar odds of having subjective poverty and non-Western migrants have higher odds when compared to natives. In general, the results point out that healthy immigrant effect is not generalizable to the all three health models. Although we provide support for most of our formulated hypotheses, model of diabetes provides results not in line with our expectations.
Demographic microsimulation modeling: The future of Türkiye's population and policy implications
This thesis underscores the critical need for accurate information on future population composition, an essential factor in addressing the challenges posed by societal aging and transformation. We utilise microsimulation, a method that replicates real-life dynamics, to estimate both demographic and economic aspects of Türkiye's population. To this end, we integrated the 2018 Türkiye Demographic and Health Survey microdata with data from the Household Labor Force Survey and apply a dynamic microsimulation approach over a continuous time period. For the dynamic microsimulation implementation, we crafted a customized syntax within the R statistical software, aligning it with the specific data and their attributes. This programming enables the simulation of various individual characteristics, including region, age, sex, education, marital status, and labor force status, projecting up to the year 2030. The simulation result anticipates a steady population growth rate of approximately 0.5 percent annually, foreseeing a population reaching 86.6 million by 2030. Furthermore, our analysis indicates a decline in the total fertility rate from 2.1 to 1.6 by 2026, with a subsequent stabilization at this level. Our assertion is that microsimulation serves as an ideal tool for population estimation and demographic analysis, offering rich features that other methods may not consistently deliver. Moreover, we assert that this approach is adaptable, dynamic, and flexible in the context of Türkiye. Furthermore, our research demonstrates that dynamic microsimulation offers valuable opportunities for reevaluating population policies, and we propose solutions based on our findings.
Demographic characteristics of Syrian refugees with respect to housing conditions in Turkey
Housing is a crucial basic need, and adequate housing conditions are right for everybody, including vulnerable ones such as children, women, elders, migrants and refugees. This thesis aims to present the demographic characteristics of Syrian refugees in Türkiye by housing conditions adapted from the UN-Habitat's "adequate housing" criteria using 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS) Syrian Migrants Sample data. The correlation between improved housing/unimproved housing conditions and various demographic characteristics of the Syrian refugee sample are presented using F-tests taking into account complex sample design. Results reveal that more than half of the Syrian refugees in Türkiye live under unimproved housing standards, and there are different demographic outcomes by housing conditions. According to the findings, women living in unimproved housing standards are more prone to have higher total fertility rate than in improved housing, yet the under-five mortality rates are higher in improved housing conditions. Also, it is found that Syrian refugee women have a similar figure as regards to the place of delivery and C-section births in improved housing and unimproved housing. This research aims to contribute to the literature on refugee studies by highlighting the relationship between the housing conditions and demographic characteristics of Syrian refugee population in Türkiye, aiming that the findings can be helpful for policymakers, and humanitarian organizations.
How fertility-related trajectories of Syrian refugee women in Turkey vary over time? testing the socialization, adaptation, disruption and selection hypotheses
Millions of Syrians were compelled to seek safety in neighboring countries as the Syrian Civil War broke out in 2011, resulting in extensive violence and displacement. Among these countries, Turkey emerged as a primary destination due to its geographical proximity and relative stability, becoming home to a substantial number of Syrian refugees. As the Turkish population is now coexisting with a significant number of Syrian refugees, it is crucial to anticipate and implement necessary precautions, as their fertility patterns directly influence the country's demographic landscape. This thesis provides a comprehensive understanding of how conflict-induced migration affects women's reproductive behaviors with an emphasis on the post-migration period. Specifically, it focuses on the fertility-related trajectories of Syrian refugee women and examines the change in the post-migration period in Turkey. Thus, the thesis aims to investigate the relationship between conflict, migration and fertility; to compare fertility patterns and reproductive behaviors in pre- and post-migration periods; and to test the four major theories of immigrant fertility: socialization, adaptation, disruption and selection. The study primarily uses data from the 2018 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey Syrian Migrant Sample (2018 TDHS-S). Descriptive analyses and multivariate regression analyses are employed to assess the various risk factors on the reproductive events of Syrian women. Ana bulgular, göç sonrası Suriyeli kadınlar arasında üreme ve doğurganlık davranışlarında önemli değişiklikler olduğunu ortaya koymakta ve göç ile çatışmanın olası etkilerine işaret etmektedir. The results indicate that while Syrian women preserve distinct practices from the pre-migration environment, they also adjust some of their reproductive behaviors to align with Turkish women indicating the presence of both socialization and adaptation hypotheses. The disruption hypothesis is also evident as Syrian refugees exhibit a pattern of delayed childbearing followed by compensatory effects.
Exploring the emigration mechanisms of nurses: A qualitative study from Türkiye
While there has been a shortage of nurses worldwide, especially in the last few decades, due to aging, epidemiological transition, and population growth, this shortage has become more evident with the COVID-19 pandemic. Developed countries, which were already importing nurses from abroad before the pandemic, have made these policies aggressive with the pandemic. While nurses in Türkiye were in an almost untouched position before the pandemic, with the pandemic, they were noticed by developed countries and started to look for a new path due to the negative factors in Türkiye. This thesis investigated the mechanisms and motivations of nurse emigration, which has emerged as a new highly skilled migration trend in Türkiye, and what manages this migration. With a qualitative research design, snowball and quota sampling strategies were used, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was used as analysis method. This study concludes that the biggest migration motivation of nurses is the value mechanism, that migration is governed by neoliberalism and the occupational network, and that nurse emigration is much more common than thought.
The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on fertility preferences of Turkish and Polish migrants in Germany
COVID-19 pandemic is a serious multi-faceted crisis which showed its effects in various areas of life such as mental and physical health, economy, human rights, and security. These effects were felt all over the world since it was a global pandemic that reached everywhere on this planet if humans live there. Although the effects were felt throughout the world, each country and each subpopulation in a country felt these effects in their own unique way, some feeling the effects harsher than the others. In this thesis, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the fertility preferences is studied to contribute to this area of research. The data obtained from German Family Panel (pairfam) study is used to make related descriptive and multivariate analyses to measure the effect of COVID-19 crisis in different groups of the population residing in Germany. To compare the effects of COVID-19 on different groups, two migrant population is selected: Turkish and Polish migrants. These populations were compared with German native population and with each other. Four research questions were answered through analyses: "What are the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on fertility preferences in Germany?", "What are the effects of migration on COVID-19 outcomes on fertility preferences in Germany with a focus on Turkish and Polish migrant groups?", "How did the factors affecting the fertility preferences, including migration status, change between before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?", "What factors, including migration status, were effective in changes of fertility ideals and intentions in Germany?". The results showed that these different groups of migrants have, in some cases, along with different levels of parity and different sexes, experienced the effects of COVID-19 in different ways and different magnitudes. Although mean ideal number of children has not changed overall, a substantial increase occurred for 1st generation Turkish migrants, whose high fertility norm was prevalent in the logistic regression model for the post-COVID-19 period as well. Among the 2nd generation Turkish migrants, ideal fertility higher than 2 was also more likely compared to natives. For realistic birth intentions, share of respondents with positive intentions decreased among all groups except for 1st generation Polish migrants. Migration status was not significantly associated with abandonment of high norm fertility reflected in ideals. However, abandonment of birth intentions was less likely among the 2nd generation Turkish migrants. The results are interpreted through the lens of uncertainty and terror management hypotheses.
Exploring the emigration mechanisms of nurses: A qualitative study from Türkiye
While there has been a shortage of nurses worldwide, especially in the last few decades, due to aging, epidemiological transition, and population growth, this shortage has become more evident with the COVID-19 pandemic. Developed countries, which were already importing nurses from abroad before the pandemic, have made these policies aggressive with the pandemic. While nurses in Türkiye were in an almost untouched position before the pandemic, with the pandemic, they were noticed by developed countries and started to look for a new path due to the negative factors in Türkiye. This thesis investigated the mechanisms and motivations of nurse emigration, which has emerged as a new highly skilled migration trend in Türkiye, and what manages this migration. With a qualitative research design, snowball and quota sampling strategies were used, and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was used as analysis method. This study concludes that the biggest migration motivation of nurses is the value mechanism, that migration is governed by neoliberalism and the occupational network, and that nurse emigration is much more common than thought.
The influence of COVID-19 pandemic on fertility preferences of Turkish and Polish migrants in Germany
COVID-19 pandemic is a serious multi-faceted crisis which showed its effects in various areas of life such as mental and physical health, economy, human rights, and security. These effects were felt all over the world since it was a global pandemic that reached everywhere on this planet if humans live there. Although the effects were felt throughout the world, each country and each subpopulation in a country felt these effects in their own unique way, some feeling the effects harsher than the others. In this thesis, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the fertility preferences is studied to contribute to this area of research. The data obtained from German Family Panel (pairfam) study is used to make related descriptive and multivariate analyses to measure the effect of COVID-19 crisis in different groups of the population residing in Germany. To compare the effects of COVID-19 on different groups, two migrant population is selected: Turkish and Polish migrants. These populations were compared with German native population and with each other. Four research questions were answered through analyses: "What are the effects of COVID-19 pandemic on fertility preferences in Germany?", "What are the effects of migration on COVID-19 outcomes on fertility preferences in Germany with a focus on Turkish and Polish migrant groups?", "How did the factors affecting the fertility preferences, including migration status, change between before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?", "What factors, including migration status, were effective in changes of fertility ideals and intentions in Germany?". The results showed that these different groups of migrants have, in some cases, along with different levels of parity and different sexes, experienced the effects of COVID-19 in different ways and different magnitudes. Although mean ideal number of children has not changed overall, a substantial increase occurred for 1st generation Turkish migrants, whose high fertility norm was prevalent in the logistic regression model for the post-COVID-19 period as well. Among the 2nd generation Turkish migrants, ideal fertility higher than 2 was also more likely compared to natives. For realistic birth intentions, share of respondents with positive intentions decreased among all groups except for 1st generation Polish migrants. Migration status was not significantly associated with abandonment of high norm fertility reflected in ideals. However, abandonment of birth intentions was less likely among the 2nd generation Turkish migrants. The results are interpreted through the lens of uncertainty and terror management hypotheses.