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Yeniden işlevlendirilmiş tarihi yapılarda kapsayıcı tasarım yaklaşımı: Atatürk Orman Çiftliği bira fabrikası hamamı örneği
Son yıllarda Dünya'da bazı önemli tarihi yapılara engelli bireyler için ulaşım imkânı sağlayacak kısıtlı mimari düzenlemeler getirilmiştir. Fakat yapılan bu uygulamaların özellikle farklı yaş ve yetkinlikte olan; görme, işitme, bedensel ve zihinsel engel kategorilerindeki bireylerin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamadığı görülmüştür. Dolayısıyla 'restorasyon' ve 'evrensel tasarım' gibi net kuralları olan iki kavramın ortak paydada buluşturulması, ulusal ve uluslararası alanda akreditasyonu sağlanması ve kapsayıcı tasarım yaklaşımı ile çağdaş restorasyon gerekliliklerinin belirlenmesi önem arz etmektedir. Kapsayıcı tasarım temelli bir tasarım gerçekleştirme konusu; yaş, eğitim, dil, cinsiyet, (bedensel) fiziki durum, her türlü engellilik durumu, ekonomik ve kültürel farklılıklar vb. gibi durumlara bakılmaksızın, mümkün olduğunca çok kişiye hitap eden, ihtiyaçlarını eşit şekilde karşılayabilen, erişilebilir ve kullanılabilir bir şekilde tasarlanan mekânlar, ürünler ve hizmetler sunmayı ifade etmektedir. Bu tez çalışması kapsamında, 1930'lu yıllarda Ernst Eğli tarafından Atatürk Orman Çiftliği'ndeki Bira Fabrikası işçileri için yapılmış Bira Fabrikası Hamam yapısı örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Tarihi binanın özgün işlevi, tarihi ve kültürel değeri göz önünde bulundurularak çağdaş sanat müzesi olarak yeniden işlevlendirilmesine karar verilmiştir ve kapsayıcı tasarım doğrultusunda restorasyon tasarım projesi hazırlanarak öneriler getirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu doğrultuda bu çalışmanın amacı yeniden işlevlendirilmiş tarihi yapıların kapsayıcı tasarım prensibi doğrultusunda erişilebilir şekilde restore edilebilirliğini örnek alan olarak seçilen "Atatürk Orman Çiftliği Bira Fabrikası Hamamı" özelinde irdelemek ve restorasyon tasarım projelerini hazırlamaktır. Bu amaçla bu çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılarak, veri toplama aracı olarak gözlemden yararlanılmış ve saha çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, öncelikle restorasyon ve evrensel tasarım hakkında detaylı literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ardından Ankara'da Atatürk Orman Çiftliği yerleşkesinde bulunan Bira Fabrikası Hamamı tarihi yapısı hakkında yazılı kaynaklara ulaşılmıştır. Yapının saha çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir ve fotoğraflama, video kaydı, rehber eşliğinde tanıtımı ile yapı için veriler toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler ışığında tarihi yapının özgün hali mimari anlamda; eski işlevi, plan ve kesit çizimleri, özgün malzemeleri, mekânsal organizasyon şeması, tarihi ve kültürel özellikleri analiz edilmiştir. Kapsayıcı tasarım yaklaşımı ile çağdaş sanat müzesi olarak yeniden işlevlendirilme modeli çıkarılarak restorasyon ve çözüm önerileri getirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak evrensel tasarım ya da kapsayıcı tasarım konuları son yıllarda sıkça konuşulan konular arasında olmasına rağmen yapılan uygulamalar konusunda yetersiz kalındığı ve sadece sınırlı bir kesimi kapsayan tasarımlar gerçekleştirildiği görülmüştür. Tarihi yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmesinde ise yapıların mevcut işlevi kullanılarak restorasyon çalışmalarının yapıldığı görülmüştür. Bu çalışma, kapsayıcı tasarım anlayışıyla tarihi yapıların farklı işlevde kullanılmasına olanak sağlayacak şekilde tasarlanabilirliğini ve yeniden işlevlendirme mantığını birleştiren bir çalışma olması ve örnek teşkil etmesi sebebiyle önem arz etmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Tarihi yapı, koruma, iç mekân restorasyonu, yeniden işlevlendirme, kapsayıcı tasarım, evrensel tasarım, AOÇ Bira Fabrikası Hamamı, engelsiz müze, engelli bireyler için temel mekânsal gereksinimler
Pla ve pet akustik delikli panellerin performansı üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
The growing demand for high-performance low-frequency sound absorbers in architectural acoustics requires sustainable alternatives to conventional sound-absorbing materials. The present study investigates the acoustic performance of Micro-Perforated Panels (MPP) made from organic and inorganic 3D printed thermoplastics utilizing Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM). Following this gap in the literature, the research compares biodegradable polylactic acid (PLA) based (MPP1) and recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) based (MPP2) MPPs as sustainable alternatives to classroom settings. To compare with conventional materials from previous literature, inhomogeneous MPP configurations were manufactured for each material type. Their sound absorption coefficients (α) were tested with ISO 10534-2:2023 using an impedance tube and were evaluated in a classroom simulation based on ODEON Room Acoustics Software Version 18.0 to assess their impact on reducing Reverberation Time (RT30) and increasing Speech Transmission Index (STI) scores. The results indicated that both materials demonstrated similar α values in mid to higher frequencies, while MPP2 performed better in lower frequencies. Subsequently, the measured and simulated measurements of RT30 in the classroom in Bilkent University showed that the room is acoustically undertreated. The introduced materials in the simulation indicated that treatment with MPP1 reduced RT30 from 1.25s average to 1s, and treatment with MPP2 reduced RT30 to 0.85s. The STI results increased from 0.51 to 0.6, improving from "fair" to "good" speech intelligibility scores. Overall, the findings highlighted the potential of recycled and biodegradable MPPs to serve as a viable alternative to sustainable sound-absorbing materials in university classroom settings. For future studies, recycled sound absorbers could replace conventional sound absorbers in architectural acoustics.
Bilkent üniversitesi sağlık merkezi ve bilkent şehir hastanesi onkoloji polikliniğinde hasta, hasta yakınları ve sağlık çalışanlarının işitsel algılarını karşılaştırmaya yönelik bir çalışma
This thesis aims to compare soundscape perceptions in the waiting areas of two different outpatient healthcare environments, which are the Bilkent University Health Center and the Bilkent City Hospital Oncology Polyclinic. The Health Center is a small facility located on the university campus, whereas the Hospital Polyclinic is a part of the much larger city hospital complex. 138 participants took part in the study, including 70 individuals at the University Health Center and 68 at the Hospital Polyclinic. Participant groups included patients, patients' relatives, and healthcare staff, allowing for comparisons across user groups within settings. Perceptual data were collected on-site using a questionnaire based on ISO/TS 12913-2 Method A. Measurements of equivalent continuous A-weighted sound levels (LAeq) were also taken during peak occupancy in both settings. The questionnaire data were analyzed using IBM SPSS 27.0 Statistics software. Significant differences were tested with non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U). Correlations were examined using Spearman's Rho. The results revealed that human sounds were the most dominant source in both healthcare settings, consistently identified by all user groups. Perceived Affective Quality (PAQ) results showed that the University Health Center was perceived as significantly more uneventful, calm, and vibrant, whereas the Hospital Polyclinic was perceived as more annoying and chaotic. In the Health Center, healthcare staff perceived the soundscape as significantly more vibrant than patients and patients' relatives, while no significant differences were found among user groups in the Hospital Polyclinic. The sound environment in the Health Center was also rated as more appropriate than Hospital Polyclinic. Correlation analysis further showed that longer stays in waiting areas of both settings were associated with negative perceptions, which were greater in the Hospital Polyclinic. These results emphasize how differences in environmental characteristics between the two settings influence users' auditory perceptions and show that different user groups may perceive the same environment in different ways.
Dıkkat eksıklığı ve hıperaktıvıte bozukluğu (DEHB) olanöğrencilerin resmî olmayan öğrenme ortamlarındakigörsel-işitsel algılarının araştırılması
This study explores the audiovisual perceptions of students in informal learning environments at the I.D. Bilkent University campus, with a particular focus on students diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Using a grounded theory approach, semi-structured interviews (ISO/TS 12913-2:2018 Method C) were conducted to gain in-depth insight into how students experience and interpret their sensory surroundings. A total of 20 participants, which are equally divided between ADHD and non-ADHD students, were selected through convenience sampling. Four informal learning environments on campus were selected based on their diverse acoustic and spatial characteristics, supporting both individual study and social interaction. To complement the qualitative data, structured questionnaires (Method A) and in-situ sound level measurements (LAeq) were also employed to capture perceptual attributes and objective acoustic conditions. The findings indicate that Students diagnosed with ADHD evaluated informal learning environments more negatively, describing them as chaotic, annoying, and less calming. In contrast, non-ADHD participants reported greater comfort and satisfaction, particularly in acoustically balanced spaces. Significant perceptual differences between the two groups were observed in specific environments like the dormitory and Faculty of Fine Arts. Moreover, natural sounds were positively correlated with feelings of calmness, while human and technological noises contributed to negative perceptions. These perceptual differences highlight the need for inclusive design strategies that consider neurodiversity in learning environments.
Küçük alanlarda konuşma kaygısı üzerine renk ve bağlantılı renk sıcaklığının (CCT) etkileri
This study aims to investigate how colour and correlated colour temperature (CCT) impact speaking anxiety in small spaces. Existing literature has highlighted and emphasized the colour and CCT impact on anxiety and speaking anxiety. However, there has been a small number of analysis with the combination of colour and CCT impact on speaking anxiety. This research not only examines the impact of colour and CCT level in terms of speaking anxiety but also examines the combine effect of colour and CCT on speaking anxiety. The experimental study was employed involving 150 participants studying in the university. The experiment was conducted in Bilkent University lighting lab in Ankara, Türkiye. The participants completed a demographic questionnaire and two anxiety tests which are GAD-7 and STAI test before the experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to one of the five different conditions. In the experiment participants were asked to talk under one condition and after the experiment speaking anxiety was assessed with STAI test. Quantitative data were analysed using two-way and three-way ANOVA in JASP 0.18.3 with the test of normality and homogeneity checked. The findings indicate that both colour and CCT as well as an interaction impact speaking anxiety. Turquoise colour and 4000 K give a calming impact whereas purple with 6500 K trigger speaking anxiety. The results of this study highlighted the importance of colour and lighting design and this may help to reduce speaking anxiety.
Farklı mekan sınırlarının mekan algısı üzerindeki etkileri
The aim of this research is to examine the relationship between the perception of spaciousness and curvilinear boundaries related to different specific properties of the environment such as size, light, texture and color. This relationship is identified by the aesthetic judgements and emotional responses of the participants through a virtual environment. Study conducted in virtual reality environment and 128 participants participate in this research study. Sixteen different physical property spaces were designed to measure the perception of spaciousness, aesthetic judgement and emotional responses. Each participant was responsible for only one specific property. The survey has included both ranking and open-ended questions for each setting. Specific properties and curved boundary type was found that there was a significant impact on perception of spaciousness as independent of each other. In this direction, aesthetic and emotional researches were analyzed between specific property group and boundary type group. As a result of the study, perception of spaciousness is positively related with the curved boundary types. Also, the result showed that, perception of spaciousness is positively related with the large size, bright light, transverse texture and cool color spaces. Findings on perception of spaciousness was supported with the relevant adjectives of aesthetic judgements and emotional responses.
Tasarım stüdyolarında kontrollü girişin mekansal bağlılık ve bölgesellik üzerindeki etkisi
The present study focused on to explore the relationship between place attachment and territoriality of students towards their design studios. For this purpose, we examined place attachment and territoriality in design studios by comparing design studios with open doors, which belongs to Interior Architecture and Environmental Design (IAED) Department; and key-card entry, which belong to Architecture (ARCH) department. Additionally, students' evaluation of their own design studios was also considered in the study. The questionnaire of the study included items of place attachment, which were adapted from Workplace Attachment Scale of Rioux (2006); territoriality, adapted from Brown (2009) and general evaluation items towards interiors, adapted from Imamoglu (1981). This questionnaire was administered to 2nd and 3rd year students from two departments at I.D. Bilkent University. One hundred and fifty students (110 women, 40 men) responded to the questionnaire in their own design studios. The results indicate that place attachment had positive relationships with both territoriality and general evaluation of the studios. It is also found that there is a positive relationship between place attachment and general evaluation. However, no certain relationship emerged between territoriality and general evaluation.
İç mekanlarda psikolojik yenilenme potansiyeli, karmaşıklık ve beğeni ilişkisi
The main aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between complexity, preference and restorative potential of interiors. Eighteen black and white images of third places such as cafes, restaurants, and lounges were rated by 100 non-designer university students from three universities. They rated the images on preference, complexity, familiarity, perceived restoration potential and restoration components (being away, fascination, extent, compatibility). A single-item version of Perceived Restorativeness Scale was adapted to measure the restorative potential of interior spaces. Pearson's Correlation, repeated measures ANOVAs and a mediation analysis were conducted. The results showed that preference a was positively correlated with both complexity and components of restoration. Complexity was positively correlated to fascination, extent, and compatibility. Fascination, Extent, and Compatibility mediated the effect of complexity on preference.
Gerçek bir mağazadaki farklı ışık koşulları altında müşterilerin duygu durumları ve davranışlarının analizi
The aim of the study is to understand the influence of lighting color temperature on costumers' emotional and behavioral responses in a real retail store. In the experiment three different color temperatures were used on LED track spot lights that illuminates a living room furniture set. This study was conducted with 90 participants who were customers and accepted participant acceptance protocol. Thirty customers participated for each lighting condition (2700K as Warm White (WW), 5000K as Artificial Daylight (DL), 6500K as Cool White (CW)). Observation method was used to conduct behavioral analysis. Behavior mapping was used to analyze understanding of the custumers' behavioral responses. Mehrabian and Rusell's M-R model was used to analyze emotional responses. PAD (Pleasure, Arousal, Dominance) model was preferred to conduct a questionnaire in order to measure customers' emotional responses. Results showed that color temperature influenced on costumers' emotional and behavioral responses. Under warm white (WW) color temperature, people feel more pleasure than cool white color temperature. Under WW color temperature people spent more time in front of the illuminated furniture set. Contrast color temperatures (WW and CW) increased the levels of pleasure and arousal scales of emotional responses.
Farklı aydınlatma koşullarında gerçek ve sanal ofis ortamının mekan algısı üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
The aim of study iş to conduct a comparison between real and virtual environments from the spatial point of view under different lighting conditions. In this study, visually same office environments were created in real environment (RE) as well as in virtual environments (VE) in order to be able to observe only the perception between the two environments. The experiment was conducted in full-scale office environment and virtual environment by using Unity 3D program with participating of sixty people. These environments were appraised under 4000K (cool white light) and 6500K (daylight) lighting color temperatures. An office room in Bilkent University and Environmental Design building was used to carry out the experiments. The participants were asked to experience the environments firstly, later on they were as requested to answer the previously prepared questionnaire with semantic differential scale. As a result of this study one can say that the perceptions of both environments RE and VE were similar to some extend in more than half of the 12 adjective pairs under both color temperature. Adjectives such as usual-unusual, dynamic-static, spacious-confined and harmonious-discord demonstrated significant differences for both environments. Moreover, participants perceived real environment more spacious, usual, harmonious and less dynamic than virtual environment under both lighting conditions. Only the functional-nonfunctional and formal-informal adjective pairs behaved significantly different under 4000K and 6500K respectively. There were no significant effects of color temperatures in real and virtual environments.
Müzelerde işitsel peyzaj üzerine karşılaştırmalı bir çalışma
The aim of this study is to understand how visitors perceive and compare the soundscapes of different museum environments. To reach this goal, physical parameters as acoustic measurements, and perceptual data as questionnaires and interviews were explored in Rahmi M. Koç Museum, and Erimtan Archaeology and Arts Museum. Both museums are located near the main gate of Ankara Castle, which is one of the most historic and cultural part of the city. To find out the acoustical parameters of the case study settings, Equivalent Continuous A-weighted Sound Level (LAeq) was measured in-situ with Bruel & Kjaer 2230 sound level meter, and Speech Transmission Index (STI) and Reverberation Time (T30) were measured with the Odeon Room Acoustics Software 13.01. For the perceptual data, the questionnaires were analyzed by using SPSS program. Interviews were analyzed with the Grounded Theory (GT) method to explore the visitors' perception towards the indoor soundscapes of museum environments. After analyzing the data of interviews, the conceptual framework was created. This process was completed with the ATLAS.ti Software. Results showed that the soundscapes of the indoor environment cannot be explored only with physical parameters. Results showed that visitors' perception of soundscape changes according to the theme of the museums, and visitors' preference of sound environment changes according to the building types.
Ünıversite yurtlarında öğrencilerin açıklık ve doygunluk açısından renk tercihleri
Environments are considered as interior and exterior, both of which color is a vital part. The existing preferences studies mainly focus on hue and not enough on value and chroma which of three is the perceptual variables of color. Value has shown to be a more prominent factor in affecting color preferences than hue. The main goal of this research is to explore the relation of chroma and value to the preferences of university students. In this regard, university students expressed their preferences for 12 different surfaces taking place in the interiors of a dormitory room. Each surface was analyzed separately and the results showed that university students prefer high value in their color selections for dormitory rooms, except for two surfaces. The relationship between chroma and preferences have shown significant correlation except for the cabinet. Chroma and value were found to have a weak negative correlation. In the final part of the study, the role of gender was analyzed, considering the fact that dormitories are designed based on gender. The results indicated that gender and color preferences have a significant relationship regarding specific surfaces, differing among genders. Two surfaces were found to have statistically significant relations to males, namely, the walls, the floor and two surface showed significance for females, that are, the floor and the cabinet. All in all, the results indicate a common propensity for high value and low chroma with chromatic colors as well as a minor role of gender, effective in color preferences studies.
Covıd-19 pandemisinde evden çalışan akademisyenlerin çalışma alanlarında sınır oluşturma pratikleri
This study aims to explore the ways of creating boundaries of academics working from home and investigate the differences between the practices of creating these boundaries. Although working from home is not a new practice, Covid-19 pandemic shifted the working patterns of most people, especially the education-related branches such as academics. This exploratory study investigates how people set up their work environments and the boundaries in response to the change in the working practice. The study consists of an exploratory interview that contains classified questions on spatial, temporal, and psychological boundaries people create in their working environments. Interviews were held face-to-face and online via Zoom with 20 participants. The thematic analysis method was used to analyze the collected data. The findings suggest that the ways of creating boundaries differ between individuals, and these changes are affected by factors such as marital status, population at home, and spatial limitations. The results give a general idea and offer an insight into the optimal separation or connection of working spaces in the home.
Sürükleyici olmayan sanal konut ortamındaki aydınlatma seviyelerinin yaşlı yetişkinlerin aydınlatma tercihlerine etkisi
This study aims to examine the lighting preferences of older adults in home corridors. The effect of different lighting arrangements, and lighting levels in home corridors at night were investigated in a non-immersive virtual environment. Six different lighting scenarios were established for a virtual home corridor, and 200 lux and 60 lux lighting were used in the ceiling lighting and ground lighting in these scenarios. The effects of yellow-green neon tapes applied to door frames and lighting switches on lighting preferences were also examined. For this purpose, 90 participants (60 to 85 years old) were recruited for this study. Firstly, the participants were asked to explore and experience the environments, then they were expected to answer the questionnaire with a semantic differential scale. The findings of this study demonstrated that there was a significant difference between 200 lux- 60 lux lighting. When there was ceiling lighting in the corridor, the participants mostly preferred 200 lux lighting. When there was ground lighting in the corridor, they reported 60 lux lighting more positive than 200 lux. When yellow-green neon tapes were additionally applied to the corridor for 60 lux lighting, the lighting condition using neon tapes was most preferred.
Evaluation of identity, meaning-making, and visitor satisfaction in industrial heritage areas renovated as museums: The case of müze Gazhane
İstanbul şehir merkezindeki kültürel miras alanlarının restorasyonu son zamanlarda artan bir önem ve popülerlik kazanmıştır. Bu çalışma, tarihi binalardan yeniden işlevlendirilmiş müzeler bağlamında kimlik, anlam oluşturma ve ziyaretçi memnuniyetinin değerlendirilmesine odaklanmaktadır. Araştırmaya dair alan çalışması ender bulunan bir sanayi mirası alanı olarak 2021 yılında müze ve kültür kompleksine dönüştürülmüş olan Müze Gazhane'de gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, müzenin ve ziyaretçilerin kimliklerinin, ziyaretlerinden elde ettikleri anlam ve memnuniyet düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini, nicel ve nitel veri toplama yöntemlerini içeren iki aşamalı bir yaklaşımla incelemektedir. Bu bağlamda 65 ziyaretçiye anket uygulanmış ve ardından 12 katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış yüzyüze mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, ziyaretçilerin karakterleri, motivasyonları ve aşinalıklarının, anlam yaratma ve memnuniyet düzeylerini belirlemede rol oynadığını ortaya koymaktadır. Özellikle kimlikle ilişkili özel ihtiyaç ve motivasyonla gelen ziyaretçiler, daha yüksek memnuniyet ve anlam oluşturma düzeylerine sahiptir. Ayrıca müzede gönüllü olarak görev yapan ziyaretçilerin, mekansal duygularında ve mahalleye aidiyet duygularında artış olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Müze Gazhane'nin restore edilerek bir kültür kompleksi halinde hizmete açılması, ziyaretçilerin günlük yaşamlarında da olumlu değişikliklere neden olmuş ve genel yaşam kalitelerini artırmıştır. Sonuç olarak Müze Gazhane, ziyaretçilerin günlük yaşamlarında önemli bir yer olarak hizmet vermekte, farklı motivasyonları açığa çıkarmakta ve aidiyet duygusuna katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, miras alanlarının müzelere dönüştürülmesinin, sakinlerin mahalleleriyle ve toplumlarıyla olan ilişkilerini güçlendirmek için gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır.
Rengin yaklaşma ve kaçınma davranışları üzerindeki etkisi
The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of color on approach avoidance behavior. For a better understanding of approach avoidance behavior both the hue of color and the location of color are studied. The experiment is conducted with six different sample groups and three different color settings which are gray, red and green. Under the three main color settings there were two sub settings as when the color is on the right and when the color is on the left. All the atmospheric properties other than color were kept same. University laboratory was turned into an environment where four identical stands that worked as displays for the items placed on them, a mirror and a seating unit was placed. The items exhibited were all women sports outwear of similar design and color. The participants were 108 students from Bilkent University. Each participant was taken in individually and asked to experience the space freely. Each participant was evaluated in terms of the total amount of time spent in the environment, number of items touched, time spent for investigating items, time spent for browsing items, number of items tried and their orientation patterns in the environment. All the constructs listed above were derived from the Mehrabian-Russell Stimulus Response Model. It was induced that the hue of the color does not have a significant influence on approach/avoidance behavior. However, the location of color in the environment has a strong influence on the orientation patterns of individuals and therefore associative with approach and avoidance behavior. It was observed that, people tend to go towards the differently colored part of the room.
İç mekanlarda alanın renk uyumu üzerine etkisi
The main aim of this study is to examine the effect of area on color harmony in interior spaces. Area in color harmony is the relative amount of different color areas represented as a proportion on which color harmony depends. Colors in the color scheme of an interior space are usually not applied in equal proportions of surface areas and considering the complex relations of colors in interior spaces, it is important to search for the principles of color harmony and area effects in interiors. The secondary aim of the study is to investigate how the term color harmony was defined and the link between color harmony and related terms used to define it. The related terms that are used to define color harmony can explain why a color scheme is evaluated as harmonious. In this study, three primary (red, blue, yellow) and three secondary (green, purple, orange) colors of Itten's color wheel were studied in a simulated office interior with three-color schemes emphasizing different proportional use of each color. There were four color combinations, each consisting of six images differing in areas of the constituent colors. Firstly, participants evaluated the harmony content of the images by comparing them in pairs. Secondly, they evaluated each image regarding the thirteen terms related to color harmony. Findings indicated that area had an effect on color harmony for two of the color combinations (warm and cool color schemes). However, there were no strong but rather moderate and weak correlations between color harmony and the terms. Keywords: Color Harmony, Three-Color Combinations, Experimental Color Harmony, Interior Space.
Şehir banliyöye karşı: Mahalle konumunun yer bağlılığı ve yerleşim memnuniyeti üzerine etkileri
Affective bonds of individuals to their environment have been investigated and certain terms were studied such as place attachment and residential satisfaction arousing interest especially in environmental psychology. The current study aims to investigate the effects of neighborhood location on place attachment and residential satisfaction. We examined place attachment by conducting a survey comparing two neighborhoods; Ayrancı in the city center, the other Çayyolu, far away from the city center. We also investigated residential satisfaction in these neighborhoods by examining their physical and social features as a measure of residential quality. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between place attachment and residential satisfaction. One hundred thirty-five respondents participated in this research by using snowball sampling. The results of the study implied that there is no difference in terms of neighborhood location between the residents' level of place attachment. However, there is a difference between two neighborhoods in terms of the level of residential satisfaction. Moreover, in line with the literature, there is a correlation between place attachment and residential satisfaction. Keywords: Neighborhood, Place Attachment, Place of Residence, Residential Quality, Satisfaction
Bir deneyim çerçeveleme teknolojisi olarak mimarlık: Karanlık oda, kamp, ve günah çıkarma odası
Throughout architectural history, the problematic of experience is mostly addressed within the confines of either deterministic or phenomenological models. Bound as they are, however, to the transcendental coordinates of a founding structure and a self-contained subject figure, neither one of these models seems to provide us with the necessary tools of engaging with the transgressive aspects of experience in general or architectural experience in particular. Beginning with the problem of how architecture can be said to effect the experience of its subjects, the dissertation aims at gaining an insight into the constructive capacity and functioning of architecture as a technology of framing, whereby the subject's relation to environment, to other subjects, and to oneself can be addressed. In order to do this, the author first traces the constituent elements of a so-called ?science of experience,? an experiontology, throughout the historiographic work of Michel Foucault. Developing a composite framework as such, which facilitates a historico-critical analysis of the work of architecture in relation to the formation and transformation of experiential structures, the author thus identifies the logic of experience as a process of desubjectification at work in and through the triplicate domains of epistemology, politics, and ethics. Once the terms of this logic are tested and further enhanced through the analyses of three environmental formations ? namely, the camera obscura, the camp, and the confessional ? what is arrived at is a veritable relationship between architecture and experience in the neighborhood of the categories of error, resistance, and interiority of the self. The result is a recognition of architecture as an art of organization of bodily encounters, in accordance with which the architectural frame becomes the condition of possibility for the production and reproduction of novel corporealities.
Sergi mekanlarında ziyaretçi dolaşımı için bir simulasyon uygulaması
The layout of the exhibit elements in an exhibition environment affects the visitor behaviorwhose receptivity and time are limited. This study proposes a simulation application for visitorcirculation in exhibition environments in order to increase the number of visual contacts andactive engagements received by each exhibit element. Consequently, the interior designerdelivers an increase in the quality of the exhibition environment. The calculations of theproposed simulation application are based on the data that are collected from the previousliterature related to visitor and exhibit element characteristics. The parameters of visitorcharacteristics involve the interest level, visit plans and fatigue level of visitors. The parametersof exhibit element characteristics involve the physical dimensions, viewing distance, attractionindex and holding power of exhibit elements. In order to assess the functionality of the proposedsimulation application, an example simulation of an exhibition environment is conducted. In thesimulation of an exhibition environment, while all the input parameters are kept constant, thechange in the layout of the exhibit elements resulted in different visitor circulation patterns anddifferent visual contact and active engagement outcomes for each exhibit element. Observingand evaluating the various outputs of the simulation application that involve changes in thelayout of exhibit elements might help a designer in judging his/her design decisions more clearly.Additionally, comparing the simulation application outputs of design alternatives might help thedesigner to prevent possible design errors in his/her exhibition layout.
Renkli aydınlatmanın iç mekanların algılanmasındaki etkileri
The aim of this study is to understand the effects of colored lighting on the perception of interior spaces and to compare different colored lightings in order to understand their effects on interior space perception. The experiment was conducted with the same sample group for three different lightings which are red, green and white. The participants were ninety-seven students from different departments of Bilkent University, most of them from the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design. The study was conducted in three phases. Firstly, participants were tested for color vision deficiencies and the ones who passed this test entered the first part of the experiment. They evaluated the experiment room under red lighting in the first phase. Secondly, they evaluated the experiment room under green lighting. Lastly, they evaluated the experiment room under white lighting. It was found that colored lighting (red and green) affects the perception of an interior space and the space perception differs according to the color of the lighting for some of the evaluative factors.
Filmlerdeki konut iç mekanları ve varsayılan kullanıcılara ilişkin değerlendirmeler ile katılımcı özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler
The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between assessments of residential movie interiors, personal attributes of assumed residents and respondent characteristics. The study was conducted with 113 students from the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design of Bilkent University. Nine residential movie clips were presented to the participants and they were asked to fill out a questionnaire sheet which consisted of three parts: Items involving space qualities, personal attributes of assumed residents, and relatedness and happiness of the respondents. Residential spaces rated as unfamiliar were rated as more exciting and were preferred over those rated as familiar. Furthermore, respondents having related self-construals reported more happiness and they perceived assumed residents as being happier and more trustworthy. No significant relationship was found between the complexity ratings of the movie clips and the evaluations of the residential spaces portrayed. This might have been because other variables besides complexity could not be controlled due to the nature of the stimuli.
Kentli gençlerin medeni olmayan davranışlarla ilgili algı ve deneyimleri: Ankara'da alan çalışması
There is a growing interest in studying (in)civility within the contemporary urban context due to disordered image of the city. This study focuses on incivilities resulting from daily encounters with strangers and experiences of incivility in daily life within a Turkish city context. Groups of youth around and their attitudes in urban public spaces are discussed to be the main incivil events in the social realm that prompt anxiety and unease among adult users of those spaces. In this respect, the aim of the study is to inquire different perceptions of incivility thoroughly and the ways it is perceived and experienced within the context of urban public spaces by the Turkish urban youth. First of all, the overall understanding of incivility in the Turkish urban realm is investigated through the statements of the urban youth and adults living in different neighborhoods of Ankara. Secondly, in order to explore the context dependent embodiment and locatedness of incivility as well as the role of space and physical environment, a field survey is conducted within a street context where everyday incivilities are mostly encountered. In this survey, Sakarya is chosen as the survey site concerning its significance with the variety of services and leisure activities on offer for the urban youth. The main purpose of this research is to investigate perceived and experienced incivilities and their interconnection with young people?s patterns of street use, which are expected to indicate problems in relation to social and physical environments of the street. Information on these issues was obtained through semi-structured interviews and observation. The results indicate that while describing and explaining incivility, Turkish urban youth focuses on the importance of `respecting the norms and rules of the adult order of the society? and the role of education and the family. They are observed to have different meanings and experiences of incivility in the street context and mostly describe and explain them in relation to the social environment. A mutual interference is found between perception and experience of incivility and the patterns of street use and young people?s attribution of meaning to the street. Likewise, variations in time of the day and gender differences among the youth appear to be influential on perception and experience of incivility on the street. Furthermore, Turkish youth is observed to be responsive to politics and social issues as well as planning and design of the urban spaces.
Boş zaman etkinlikleri yapılan kamusal mekanda konuşma rahatsızlığının etkileri: Bilkent Roll House örneğinde
The aim of this study is to investigate the speech interference of users in an open-planned multi-activities public leisure space. Bilkent Roll House was chosen as a leisure space because of its variety of activities in an open-plan such as bowling, dart, billiards, play station and dining area. In this respect, to analyze acoustical parameters and users characteristics of this study, a pilot and case study was undertaken by using questionnaires/intelligibility tests, computer simulations and real-size measurements. Questionnaires /speech intelligibility tests and Leq measurements were done in order to analyze noise annoyance ratings of the users of selected space as pilot study. The speech interference parameters measured as a case study are; Reverberation Time (T30), Speech Transmission Index (STI), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Equivalent Continuous A-weighted Sound Pressure Level (Leq A). The results showed that reverberation characteristics of Bilkent Roll House are at the required range. However, it was observed that, the speech parameters (STI & SNR) results are insufficient in terms of speech communication. In addition, the noise level (Leq A) of the activities in Bilkent Roll House increases slightly in time. However, the results of Leq A at the dining area of Bilkent Roll House indicate that, users are affected in an informal way by the speech interference, and instead of increasing their voice level, they prefer to deal with their main activity to provide speech intelligibility in multi-activity spaces.
Çevre duyarlılığının sosyal belirleyicileri: Çukurambar örneği, Ankara
This study aims to explore the effects of gender, income and education level on environmental concern. This aim is based upon a general understanding that environmental problems have to be considered in urban areas for a sustainable world. The empirical study has been conducted in a developing site of Ankara; Çukurambar in which people from different income and education levels live. 64 participants (16 from each group; 8 males, 8 females) from different income levels (low income, middle income, upper- middle income and high income) have been selected through stratified random sampling method. (A questionnaire which includes questions about both demographic information; education, income, family population etc. and environmental issues has been made). The results derived from correlation tables and T- tests show that gender has no significant effect on environmental concern in this case. Education level has a small affect on people in terms of environmental consciousness, however, it increases peoples? interest and make them watch programs about environmental issues. The most significant determinant of the selected variables; gender, education and income level, is the income level. Although there is no significant difference among other groups, the high income group is significantly different. People, who belong to high income level, show less concern about environment.
İç mekanlarda renk-duygu ilişkilendirmeleri
Colour as an effective design tool influences people?s emotions in interior spaces. Depending on the assumption that colour has an impact on human psychology, this study stresses the need for further studies that comprise colour and emotion association in interior space in order to provide healthier spaces for inhabitants. Emotional reactions to colour in a living room were investigated by using self report measure. Pure red, green and blue were chosen to be investigated as chromatic colours, whereas gray was the achromatic colour used as a control variable. The study was conducted at Bilkent University in Ankara, Turkey. Hundred and eighty people from various ages and academic departments participated in the study. Participants first watched a short video showing an overlook of a 3D model of a living room. Next, they were asked to match the distinct coloured living rooms with facial expressions of six basic emotions that covers anger, disgust, surprise, happiness, fear, sadness and in addition with neutral. The results of the study indicated that the most stated emotions associated for the room with red walls were disgust and happiness, while the least stated emotions were sadness, fear, anger, and surprise. Neutral and happiness were the most stated emotions for the room with green walls and anger, surprise, fear and sadness were the least stated ones. The most stated emotion associated for the room with blue walls was neutral, while the least stated emotions were anger and surprise. Neutral, disgust and sadness were the most stated emotions for the room with gray walls. Gender differences were not found in human emotional reactions to living rooms with different wall colours.
Varlık ve varoluş arasında: Kimlik, yabancı sorunsalı ve Türk evi olgusu
How were those narratives telling us about the Turkish House shaped? How did they come to contribute to the formation of our understanding of the history [and theory] of modern Turkish architecture? And respectively, how did they dominate our conception of modern Turkish identity? In light of these questions, this dissertation looks at the historiography of what is the so-called Turkish House as it emerged from Ottoman obscurity into the consciousness of the new Republic of Turkey, between the closing decades of the 19th century and the end of the 1930s. And, following the arguments of post-structuralist (architectural) theorists and the texts of the architectural historians in Turkey, this study intends to open up an ontological discussion around modern Turkish identity, and respectively around the Turkish House, as its architectural translation. Through looking at culturally and politically thick textual descriptions in journals, books, novels and stories; and visual representations in pictures, drawings, and architectural projects of the era, this study first of all underlines that idea/image of the Turkish House appeared and was formed as a response to the question of `foreignness?. Then, from a de-constructive perspective, in order to challenge the term?s de-facto usage, this study most productively brings the `foreign? voices of several architects - like Ernst Egli, Bruno Taut and Seyfi Arkan, who were practicing their designs in the late 1930s in Turkey- to the discussion, to reveal a more `dialogical?, more `contingent?, and more `pluralized? conception of the term modern, and to trace an alternative understanding of the Turkish House. Although in cultural and historical terms, the designs of these architects do not fit into the typological and stylistic principles of traditional dwelling forms, the works, which concentrates on not the `essential modern? character of the Turkish House, but the `inevitably national? character of modern house help us to position a more experimental, more spatial and more universalistic understanding of the Turkish House, rather than a stylistic, decorative, romantic, and culturally relativist one. In other words, through works, one can find a chance to shift from the morphological perspective of modern (and, of national); to show that the terms modern and national cannot be reduced into fixed architectural definitions; to portray a modern-national identity that is slippery, mobile, multiple, heterogeneous, incomplete, and subject to change; and more importantly, to surface an understanding of Turkish House not as a `thingness?, as a being, but as a `movement?, as a `becoming?.
Sanal ortamda dikey navigasyonun incelenmesi: Bir merdiven deneyimi
Architectural cues are configured by architects in the initial phase of design process. Local architectural cues within an environment can aid individuals during navigation and influence their spatial orientation. Staircases, as a feature of local architectural cues that provide access to the other floors in a multi-level building can have an impact on vertical navigation. This study focuses on the issue of vertical navigation during virtual navigation by integrating the individual characteristics and the geometric attributes of a staircase pair within two different multi-level desktop virtual environments (VEs). The angle between the cue pairs with respect to the same observation point is altered in order to determine the staircase pair that is more efficient in navigation. Circulation paths, gender differences, navigational abilities and cue pairs are considered to be factors that affect staircase preferences for ascending and descending. For the VE with a 180° difference between the cue pairs, there was a relationship between the ascending and descending staircases. Further analysis indicated that the staircase preference in ascending was either related to the first or last visited rooms on the ground floor. For the VE with a 90° difference between the cue pairs, no relationship was found between the ascending and descending staircases as well as with any other factor. There was no significant relationship between gender and staircase preference except for the descending staircase with 180° difference between the cue pairs and was in favor of females. In addition, there was no significant relationship between the navigational abilities and staircase preferences.
Işığın renk sıcaklığının yön bulmaya etkisi: Sanal havaalanı ortamında bir çalışma
The aim of the study is to understand the effects of correlated color temperature on wayfinding performance in airports and to compare different color temperatures in order to understand their effects on wayfinding performance. The experiment was conducted with three different sample groups in three different lighting settings that are 3000 K, 6500 K and 12000 K. The participants were total ninety graduate students from twenty-one different departments of twenty-six different universities. The study was conducted in a single phase. The volunteered participants experienced the desktop VE one by one. The participants were seated at the computer and were tested by the researcher. They were asked to direct the researcher from the starting point to the final destination which was stated as gate numbered 109. It was found that correlated color temperature has no significant effect on wayfinding performance in terms of the time spent, the total number of error, the total number of decision points and the route choice during finding the route. However, the correlated color temperature has a significant effect on experiencing hesitations. It was found that the total number of hesitations decrease while the correlated color temperature increases from 3000 K to 12000 K. Keywords: Wayfinding Performance, Color Temperature, Lighting, Virtual Environment, Airport
Görsel karmaşıklığın ve algısal akıcılığın izleyicilerin estetik tercihleri üzerindeki etkisini anlamak için göz takip sistemlerini kullanmak
This study investigates the interplay between cognitive styles, visual complexity, and aesthetic evaluations in environmental psychology and architectural design, utilizing Gestalt principles. Our research was divided into two studies. In Study I, we examined the aesthetic evaluations of 24 two-dimensional geometric stimuli, manipulated using the Gestalt principles of similarity based on color and shape differences, with 39 participants. In Study II, we focused on architectural façades and used 24 two-dimensional stimuli, manipulated through the Gestalt principles of similarity and proximity, to assess aesthetic evaluations with 79 participants. Participants were classified as Field Dependent or Field Independent using the Hidden Figures Test. Additionally, we collected their aesthetic evaluations through questionnaires, supported by eye-tracking data to assess visual attention. Study I revealed a U-shaped relationship between visual complexity and aesthetic evaluations, with both low and high complexity stimuli rated higher than medium complexity ones. Study II found an inverse relationship between complexity and aesthetic ratings, with simpler façades generally preferred. Gestalt principles significantly influenced aesthetic judgments, with shape-based similarity rated higher than color-based similarity for geometric designs, and proximity-based façades rated higher than similarity-based façades in architectural contexts. Although cognitive styles did not significantly impact overall aesthetic evaluations, nuanced differences were identified in the responses of Field Dependent participants when comparing proximity-based to similarity-based designs. Gaze metrics data indicated that higher complexity levels led to more fixations and shorter fixation durations, reflecting more extensive visual exploration. These findings offer insights into how cognitive styles, complexity, and Gestalt principles shape aesthetic perceptions, informing design practices to enhance user experience.
Yeniden işlevlendirilmiş tarihi yapıların mobilya seçimlerinin iç mekan üzerine etkisi - Hışvahan ve Şirehan örneği
Tarihi yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmesi sürecinde mobilya seçimlerinin iç mekan üzerindeki etkilerini incelemektedir. Araştırma, Gaziantep'te yer alan ve farklı dönemlerde yeniden işlevlendirilmiş iki önemli tarihi han olan Hışvahan ve Şirehan'ı ele almaktadır. Bu yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmesi sırasında yapılan mobilya seçimlerinin tarihi dokuyla uyumu, mekanın estetiği ve fonksiyonelliği üzerindeki etkileri detaylı olarak incelenmiştir Tarihi yapıların korunması ve yeniden işlevlendirilmesi, kültürel mirasın sürdürülebilirliği açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Yeniden işlevlendirme sürecinde yapılan mobilya seçimleri, iç mekanın atmosferini belirleyen kritik unsurlardan biridir. Hışvahan ve Şirehan, Gaziantep'in tarihi dokusunu yansıtan ve yeniden işlevlendirilmiş iki önemli yapıdır. Bu yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmesi sürecinde doğru mobilya seçimleri, hem tarihi dokunun korunmasını sağlamakta hem de modern kullanım ihtiyaçlarını karşılamaktadır. Araştırma, Hışvahan ve Şirehan'daki mobilya seçimlerinin iç mekan üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmek için nitel bir araştırma yöntemi kullanmıştır. Bu kapsamda, her iki yapıda da kullanılan mobilyalar tarihi dokuya uyum, estetik ve fonksiyonellik açısından analiz edilmiştir. Gözlemler, kullanıcı görüşleri ve literatür taraması ile desteklenen bu çalışma, yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilme sürecinde yapılan mobilya seçimlerinin iç mekan atmosferine katkılarını değerlendirmektedir. Araştırma bulguları, Hışvahan ve Şirehan'da kullanılan mobilyaların tarihi dokuya uyumlu seçildiğini ve bu uyumun iç mekan atmosferine olumlu katkılar sağladığını göstermektedir. Hışvahan'da kullanılan otantik mobilyalar, yapının tarihi kimliğini vurgularken, aynı zamanda ziyaretçilere tarihi bir atmosfer sunmaktadır. Şirehan'da ise modern mobilyalar, konfor ve işlevselliği ön plana çıkarmaktadır. Bu iki farklı yaklaşım, tarihi yapıların yeniden işlevlendirilmesinde mobilya seçimlerinin nasıl stratejik olarak kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.