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Ege Bölgesi'nde incir üretimi ve ticareti (1852-1912)
This thesis deals with the production and trade in figs grown in the Aegean Region. This thesis, which we deal with between the years 1852-1912, consists of an introduction and two parts. After the introduction part, also a kind of literature review, we discussed in detail the main fruits and figs grown in the Aegean Region. In the second part, we explained the trade of figs and especially their export from Izmir port. Throughout the thesis, documents from the Ottoman archives and secondary sources were used.
Kemalist Devrimi çerçevelemek
The Kemalist Revolution represents a major turning point in Turkey's contemporary history. This revolution established the Turkish Republic that the world knows today, and more importantly, it established a system that is an intertwined mixture of contemporary political systems dominated by secular values, in light of which the political behaviour of institutions and individuals is determined. It produced a constitution that stipulates a strong guardianship system based on secular values, which has kept the legacy of the Kemalist Revolution dominant in the history of Turkey until today. The goal of this thesis is to achieve a better understanding of where the Kemalist Revolution stands against a broader background of revolutions in history. Hence, it attempts to explore this revolution, including its unique characteristics as well as its points of intersection with some other revolutions such as the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions. Hence this thesis will also address the current debate in Western historiography about the Kemalist Revolution. The study is divided into an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion. The first chapter of my thesis provides a general overview of revolution as a historical phenomenon, its definitions, and the most important theories that have attempted to explain and analyse revolution. The second chapter is an attempt to understand the peculiar characteristics of the Kemalist Revolution by comparing it to the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions. Finally, the third chapter deals with the Western scholarly literature and contemporary research on the Kemalist Revolution, where I review recent or current debates about the Kemalist Revolution. Keywords: Revolution, Kemalism, Kemalist Revolution.
Between reality and fiction: The Ottoman Empire in Miguel de Cervantes "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (1615)
The comedy "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (from now LGS) is one of the masterpieces of the well-known Spanish novelist and playwright Miguel de Cervantes, known by his famous novel "Don Quixote", which many critics consider the first modern European novel. Although the play has not attracted sufficient attention from literary scholars, it includes many interesting references to the two different worlds of the Mediterranean, the Muslim cum Orthodox East and the Muslim cum Catholic West. LGS depicts the political, social and ideological conflicts of the Mediterranean world during the 16th and 17th centuries, all introduced in a special 'Cervantine' style. In the play, Cervantes referred to his personal experiences as a Hidalgo of Spain, an expat living in Italy, a soldier of the Lepanto battle (1571), and a captive in Ottoman Algiers. In addition, he made use of Italian sources, dealing with the Orient in general and the Ottoman Empire in particular. The image he presents is fictitious, but with references to 'real life' that contributed to the shape of the main theme and plot of his play. Accordingly, this thesis examines LGS as a work suspended between historical realities and fiction, touching upon its symbols and 'orientalist' implications. In my thesis research, I used the qualitative method. I started with the close reading approach of analyzing, reading between the lines and teasing out the play's main themes, an enterprise that allowed me to comprehend crucial metaphors and symbols. In addition, I resorted to discourse analysis, studying the language used by the comedy's main characters such as Catalina, Sultan Murad III and Madrigal. Likewise, this approach allowed me to go beyond the direct statements of the characters to approach their implicit meaning(s) highlighting some orientalist connotations and flawed representations of the 'oriental' other. Especially in the two last chapters, I have approached the subject through the biography of Cervantes, a subject intensively studied by literary scholars. Apart from the author's life and experiences, it has proven helpful to include work on the biography of the Ottoman sultan Murad III (r. 1574-1595); for Cervantes has incorporated numerous references to this real-life monarch into The comedy "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (hereafter LGS) is one of the masterpieces of the well-known Spanish novelist and playwright Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616), known by his famous novel "Don Quixote", which many critics consider the first modern European novel. Although the play has not attracted sufficient attention from literary scholars, it includes many interesting references to the two different worlds of the Mediterranean LGS depicts the political, social, and ideological conflicts of the Mediterranean world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, all introduced in a special 'Cervantine' style. In the play, Cervantes refers to his personal experiences as a Hidalgo of Spain, an expat living in Italy, a soldier of the Lepanto battle (1571), and a captive in Ottoman Algiers. In addition, he made use of Italian sources, dealing with the Orient in general and the Ottoman Empire in particular. The image he presents is fictitious, but with references to 'real life' that contribute to the shape of the main theme and plot of his play. Accordingly, this thesis examines LGS as a work suspended between historical realities and fiction, touching upon its symbols and 'orientalist' implications. This thesis utilizes a close reading approach of analyzing by reading between the lines and teasing out the play's main themes, an enterprise that allowed me to comprehend crucial metaphors and symbols. In addition, it resorts to discourse analysis, studying the language used by the comedy's main characters such as Catalina, Sultan Murat III (r. 1574-1595), and Madrigal. Likewise, this approach allowed me to go beyond the direct statements of the characters to approach their implicit meaning(s) highlighting some orientalist connotations and flawed representations of the 'oriental' other. Especially in the two last chapters, I have approached the subject through the biography of Cervantes, a subject intensively studied by literary scholars. Apart from the author's life and experiences, it has proven helpful to include work on the biography of the Ottoman sultan Murat III; for Cervantes has incorporated numerous references to this real-life monarch into this comedy. Moreover, the (fictitious) histories of the other main characters are inventions that include stories of late sixteenth century current events, which match events in the play, while biographical narratives and documents of the time allow us to see how Cervantes filled 'raw reality' with meaning. By using these research methods, I found that almost all the characters mentioned in the play refer to real persons that lived either in Cervantes' environment or in the circle of Sultan Murat III. Furthermore, I have come to believe that Catalina is Cervantes and Cervantes is Catalina. Saavedra fantasized about Istanbul. He wished to discover the city of the famed wonders that he had read about. Thus, in his poetic imagination, he placed himself at the center of the Ottoman world, and as his favored site, he chose the imperial Harem, the most private and inaccessible place that he could imagine. Keywords: Mediterranean, Ottoman world, Orientalism, captive, fiction.
Social Darwinism in Unionist theory and practice: The German connection
In this thesis, the role Social Darwinism played in the Unionist theory and practice, and the influence Germany had in spreading this theory among the Unionist intellectuals and politicians. The purpose of this study is to explain how and to what extent this theory affected the Unionist ideology and delve into the roots of Social Darwinism's journey in the Ottoman Empire. Social Darwinism affected especially the Unionist Turkists during the final decade of the Empire, and throughout this thesis, it is discussed through three main questions. The first question is why Social Darwinism became so popular in the Unionist ideology. To answer this question, I examined their backgrounds, and find out that the western education they received, and their militarist identities played a great role in this regard. I also argue that the political environment of their age popularized Social Darwinism. Additionally, it is argued the intellectual atmosphere of the Empire helped this theory to be popularized. The second question debated is through which channels the Unionists acquired Social Darwinist theory. In this thesis, I focus on the German channel, mainly Büchner, Haeckel, and von der Goltz. Lastly, the question of how the Unionists reconciled with Social Darwinism's negative attitude towards the Turks is debated. In this regard, I divided the Unionist counterarguments in three categories. Firstly, I claim that Japan's victory over Russia presented a great argument for the Unionists. Secondly, it is argued that they tried to prove Turks' civilized nature through Turcology works, and lastly, they argued that the West is the uncivilized and barbaric ones.
A critical consideration of nationalism, in conjunction with Islamism, in the case of Mehmet Akif Ersoy
This thesis analyzes the forms of nationalism ideology and its relation with religion on the ground of the Islamism ideology in the last century of the Ottoman Empire. After the Second Constitutional Monarchy Ottoman Empire experienced a social and religious awakening after the loss of the territorial lands. The effects of the imperial decline are obviously seen among Turkish intellectuals and writers during the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. As a result of the destructive effects of the war, ideological developments emerged among Ottoman Muslims in the wake of the salvation of the Ottoman Empire. Mehmet Akif Ersoy as a so-called national anthem writer considered a prominent name in the defense of national struggle mostly narrated within his epic vision and patriotic sense of his poems. In order to describe the situation of this era, the thesis focuses on the conceptualization of nation and Islam in the sense of national anthem writer Mehmet Akif Ersoy. However, Akif's consideration of nationalism observed changes in parallel to the socio-political experiences, his concept of nationalism and religion that meet in a synthesis needs explanations and clarifications around the debates of nationalism in the early years of the Turkish Republic. This thesis also suggests that Mehmet Akif as a name that has come to the fore with its national and religious identity should be questioned for his role in raising national awareness.
Between reality and fiction: The Ottoman Empire in Miguel de Cervantes "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (1615)
The comedy "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (from now LGS) is one of the masterpieces of the well-known Spanish novelist and playwright Miguel de Cervantes, known by his famous novel "Don Quixote", which many critics consider the first modern European novel. Although the play has not attracted sufficient attention from literary scholars, it includes many interesting references to the two different worlds of the Mediterranean, the Muslim cum Orthodox East and the Muslim cum Catholic West. LGS depicts the political, social and ideological conflicts of the Mediterranean world during the 16th and 17th centuries, all introduced in a special 'Cervantine' style. In the play, Cervantes referred to his personal experiences as a Hidalgo of Spain, an expat living in Italy, a soldier of the Lepanto battle (1571), and a captive in Ottoman Algiers. In addition, he made use of Italian sources, dealing with the Orient in general and the Ottoman Empire in particular. The image he presents is fictitious, but with references to 'real life' that contributed to the shape of the main theme and plot of his play. Accordingly, this thesis examines LGS as a work suspended between historical realities and fiction, touching upon its symbols and 'orientalist' implications. In my thesis research, I used the qualitative method. I started with the close reading approach of analyzing, reading between the lines and teasing out the play's main themes, an enterprise that allowed me to comprehend crucial metaphors and symbols. In addition, I resorted to discourse analysis, studying the language used by the comedy's main characters such as Catalina, Sultan Murad III and Madrigal. Likewise, this approach allowed me to go beyond the direct statements of the characters to approach their implicit meaning(s) highlighting some orientalist connotations and flawed representations of the 'oriental' other. Especially in the two last chapters, I have approached the subject through the biography of Cervantes, a subject intensively studied by literary scholars. Apart from the author's life and experiences, it has proven helpful to include work on the biography of the Ottoman sultan Murad III (r. 1574-1595); for Cervantes has incorporated numerous references to this real-life monarch into The comedy "La Gran Sultana Catalina de Oviedo" (hereafter LGS) is one of the masterpieces of the well-known Spanish novelist and playwright Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616), known by his famous novel "Don Quixote", which many critics consider the first modern European novel. Although the play has not attracted sufficient attention from literary scholars, it includes many interesting references to the two different worlds of the Mediterranean LGS depicts the political, social, and ideological conflicts of the Mediterranean world during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, all introduced in a special 'Cervantine' style. In the play, Cervantes refers to his personal experiences as a Hidalgo of Spain, an expat living in Italy, a soldier of the Lepanto battle (1571), and a captive in Ottoman Algiers. In addition, he made use of Italian sources, dealing with the Orient in general and the Ottoman Empire in particular. The image he presents is fictitious, but with references to 'real life' that contribute to the shape of the main theme and plot of his play. Accordingly, this thesis examines LGS as a work suspended between historical realities and fiction, touching upon its symbols and 'orientalist' implications. This thesis utilizes a close reading approach of analyzing by reading between the lines and teasing out the play's main themes, an enterprise that allowed me to comprehend crucial metaphors and symbols. In addition, it resorts to discourse analysis, studying the language used by the comedy's main characters such as Catalina, Sultan Murat III (r. 1574-1595), and Madrigal. Likewise, this approach allowed me to go beyond the direct statements of the characters to approach their implicit meaning(s) highlighting some orientalist connotations and flawed representations of the 'oriental' other. Especially in the two last chapters, I have approached the subject through the biography of Cervantes, a subject intensively studied by literary scholars. Apart from the author's life and experiences, it has proven helpful to include work on the biography of the Ottoman sultan Murat III; for Cervantes has incorporated numerous references to this real-life monarch into this comedy. Moreover, the (fictitious) histories of the other main characters are inventions that include stories of late sixteenth century current events, which match events in the play, while biographical narratives and documents of the time allow us to see how Cervantes filled 'raw reality' with meaning. By using these research methods, I found that almost all the characters mentioned in the play refer to real persons that lived either in Cervantes' environment or in the circle of Sultan Murat III. Furthermore, I have come to believe that Catalina is Cervantes and Cervantes is Catalina. Saavedra fantasized about Istanbul. He wished to discover the city of the famed wonders that he had read about. Thus, in his poetic imagination, he placed himself at the center of the Ottoman world, and as his favored site, he chose the imperial Harem, the most private and inaccessible place that he could imagine. Keywords: Mediterranean, Ottoman world, Orientalism, captive, fiction.
The road to Küçük Kaynarca: Diplomatic negotiations between the Ottoman Empire and Russia in 1772
This study offers a contextual examination of Ottoman political and diplomatic history through an analysis of the diplomatic negotiations between Ottoman-Russian boards in Focşani (Turkish: Fokşan) in 1772, prior to the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774). The protocols of the negotiations in this city, which is located in eastern Romania today, were recorded by Mehmed Emin Nahîfî Efendi, the ser-halife (chief scribe) of the Grand Vizier Muhsinzâde Mehmet Pasha (d. 1774, Grand Vizier 1765-68 and 1771-74). This study will attempt to reveal the course of diplomatic negotiations through these records, which are known as the "Fokşan Mükâlemeleri" (Focşani Parley). The importance of the records lies in the fact that they show us the political and diplomatic situation of the Ottoman Empire at that time and its changing perception among the European public. They also have particular value in terms of reflecting the demands and expectations of negotiating parties and showing the diplomatic knowledge and skills of the delegations before the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca.
Migration, memory, and identity: The Kazakh community in Turkey
The thesis aims to analyze the personal narratives and life stories of members of the Kazakh community who first migrated from East Turkestan to India and then settled permanently in Turkey in 1953. The research, which examines the migration, memory and identity structures of Kazakhs living in Istanbul (Zeytinburnu, Bağcılar) and Manisa (Salihli), examines the migration experiences of Kazakhs based on data collected through the oral history method. The research was conducted with members of three generations of the Kazakh community living in two regions of Turkey. It shows how and in what direction Kazakhs' sense of identity, homeland, and belonging has been shaped since their resettlement in Turkey. Keywords: Belonging, East Turkestan, Homeland, Identity, Kazakh, Memory, Migration.
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda ulusal kimliklerin oluşumu: Arnavut örneği 1878-1912
Modern theorists and scholars of nationalism, like Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, Anthony D. Smith, and Eric Hobsbawm, have concluded how the nation-building process happens. These theories go beyond the narrative of what happened, as to say the events, battles, or political movements; they go further and analyze more detailed facts about the process of nation-building, which here, we call as 'Trajectory of National Identity Building.' It appears that before nationalism becomes Nationalism, as is to say before a nation becomes an 'ism' or an ideology, it goes through a specific process, which mainly includes writings and intellectual efforts from that particular nation's intelligentsia. These writings mostly try to give answers to the questions of 'Who are we?' or 'Who am I?', 'Where do I/We come from?', 'What makes us different from others?', and other questions like that try to give their nation a kind of uniqueness. Part of this trajectory is what I call in this thesis 'The Archaeology of the Past', which is the efforts of searching history for an ideological 'Golden Age'. During this period, that particular nation or people had better well-being, which should contain heroes and foes, such as friends and enemies. What is apparent in these intellectual movements is their efforts to present a political platform for the future, as was the Megali Idea for Greek nationalism or as it was Nacertanija for Serbian nationalism. In this thesis, we will be addressing the question: Can we analyze the trajectory of nation-building processes in the Ottoman Empire within the context of these modern theories? Yes, there are many writings about nationalism in the Ottoman Empire. Still, they are mainly for 'Nationalism' as we said in the beginning, not about the 'National Identity formation process', a distinction I write about. To answer this question, we have chosen to analyze a specific case in the Ottoman Empire: and that is the Albanian case. We have chosen different first sources of writings from the Albanian intelligentsia, such as Semseddin Sami Frashëri, Pashko Vasa, and Naim Frashëri. We will analyze them from the context of theories written by Ernest Gellner, Benedict Anderson, Anthony D. Smith, and Eric Hobsbawm.