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Social cohesion in forced migration: an attempt to operationalize social cohesion for syrians under temporary protection in Turkey
Forced migration of Syrians facilitated unique progresses and exceptional changes in Turkey when previous experience with inward forced migration movements to Turkey are taken into account. Syrians' en masse registration under Temporary Protection was in compliant with the protection assurances of 1951 Convention and 1960 Protocol, albeit being a situation where reservations could apply. As a country of asylum, it was the first time when Turkey decided to mobilize Local Integration as a solution for a forced migration situation rather than resettlement or voluntary repatriation. Turkey reformulated Local Integration as Harmonization which necessitates interaction of forced migrant and host communities as well as the host country. While doing so, Harmonization explicitly segregated from the commonly accepted notions of assimilation and integration, while at the same time the concept is affiliated as an end state to be achieved. In order to do so, social cohesion, which is the faculty of intergroup interactions, identified as a medium for achieving Hannonization. However, the identification was merely the beginning ofthe process. Despite literature saturated with works on social cohesion, there are very few works on its relationship with forced migration. Therefore, attested to the unique and exceptional disposition of Syıians in Turkey as well as being an on-going forced migration situation, this study aims to investigate how social cohesion can be defined, how the definition can be applied in this situation, and what are the plausible dimensions and parameters for operationalizing social cohesion in order to achieve Harmonization as the intended outcome. Keywords: Syrians under Temporary Protection in Turkey, intergroup interactions, social cohesion, forced ınigration, operationalization
The maintenance of identity and transnational family ties across generations: The role of Palestinian mothers in Turkey
This thesis explores the practices and strategies Palestinian mothers use to maintain their Palestinian identity in Turkey and to continue doing family with their transnational family members. This thesis also focuses on the mothers' role in encouraging their children to preserve their sense of being Palestinian and to keep ties with their transnational family members. This thesis engages in discussions related to the literature on ethnic identities and transnational families by investigating these issues from the perspective of mothers. In this qualitative study, I employed semi-structured in-depth interviews with sixteen mothers who reside in Istanbul. I recruited these mothers through convenience sampling. These mothers vary in their birth country, the number of years they spent in Turkey, and their citizenship. I use the grounded theory approach to analyze the data I collected from these interviews. I then organized the finding into two sections, one related to the Palestinian identity and the other related to doing family. Regarding Palestinian identity, mothers used some strategies emphasizing the heritage Arabic language, Islamic identity, Palestinian food, and traditional clothes to preserve their and their children's sense of ethnic identity. Mothers also reported the practices through which they maintained communication with their family members outside Turkey mainly by using ICTs. They also reported many forms of support they exchange with their transnational family members. This study reveals some important aspects of the Palestinian community in Turkey and gives insights into the second generation of Palestinian immigrants.
Navigating new beginnings: Understanding the migration decision-making of highly skilled Turkish women in Germany and the netherlands
This thesis examines the migration decision-making dynamics of highly skilled Turkish women migrating to Germany and the Netherlands. Based on in-depth interviews with 20 participants, and a grounded theory approach, the study explores how these women's migration decisions are influenced by a combination of economic motivations, personal aspirations, social networks, and professional opportunities. The findings reveal that while the desire for professional development, security, and a better quality of life are strong motivators, these decisions are also shaped by facilitators such as supportive social networks and professional contacts, as well as barriers like legal constraints. They also highlight the importance of the aspiration/capability framework in understanding migration, showing that aspirations alone are insufficient without the capabilities to overcome legal, social, and cultural obstacles. By employing a life course approach, the study investigated how significant life events and evolving social roles impact these women's migration choices, challenging traditional views of women migrants as passive actors. Additionally, this thesis contributes to the concept of 'lifestyle migration' by illustrating that, for many participants, migration is not just an economic necessity but also a pursuit of a more balanced and fulfilling life. The study calls for more nuanced migration policies that recognize the diverse motivations and multidimensional experiences of highly skilled women, addressing both the facilitators and barriers they face, and supporting their aspirations and capabilities in their new environments.
Türkiye'de ilkokul çağında çocuğu olan Suriyeli sığınmacı ebeveynlerin eğitim sürecine katılımı
Bu araştırma, Suriyeli sığınmacı ebeveynlerin eğitimde aile katılımını etkileyen faktörleri ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yapılmış nitel bir çalışmadır. Araştırma, Gaziantep ili Şahinbey ve Şehitkâmil ilçelerinde yaşayan 25 Suriyeli ebeveynden oluşan bir çalışma grubu ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın derinlemesine ve detaylı bir şekilde anlaşılmasını sağlamak için fenomenolojik (olgu bilim) desen, amaçlı çalışmadan ölçüt odaklı bir çalışma grubu tercih edilmiştir. Çeşitli görüşlere ulaşmak için Türkiye'deki resmi ilkokullarda eğitimi devam eden en az bir çocuğu olan, farklı sosyo-ekonomik ve eğitim düzeylerinde olan Suriyeli ebeveynlere ulaşılmıştır. Araştırmacı, araştırma sürecinde Suriyeli ebeveynlerin görüşlerini derinlemesine ortaya çıkarmak için kişisel bilgi ve yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formları kullanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonucunda ortaya çıkan bulgular altı tema altında toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre Suriyeli sığınmacı ebeveynlerin eğitime katılımını etkileyen faktörlerin dil, sosyo-ekonomik düzey, psikolojik, siyasi ve ideolojik, dini, kültürel ve ebeveynlerin eğitim düzeyi olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Tüm faktörlerin birbirini ve dolayısıyla Suriyeli ailelerin eğitime katılımını etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. Suriyeli ebeveynlerin eğitim, sosyal, ekonomik, kültürel ve dil düzeyleri farklı olsa da hepsinin ilkokul çağındaki çocukların katılımına büyük önem verdikleri görülmüştür. Araştırma bulgularına dayalı olarak Suriyeli ebeveynlerin eğitime katılımlarının artırılmasına yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
Syrian refugees between turkey and Europe: Analysis of Syrians moving or staying
Syrian refugee crisis has led to millions seeking refuge in neighbouring countries, including Jordan, Lebanon, and Türkiye. This thesis examines the factors that impact Syrian refugees' decisions to either remain in Türkiye or seek asylum elsewhere. By analysing both push factors (those driving them away from their first host country) and pull factors (those attracting them to other destinations and host countries), we gain insights into the dynamics of their behaviour. The study draws on data from literature, surveys, and interviews with Syrian refugees in Türkiye. This thesis explores the key push and pull factors influencing the decisions of skilled and unskilled Syrian individuals in Türkiye and neighboring countries between 2015 and 2020 to undertake a second migration journey to Europe and the West or to remain in Türkiye. Through qualitative interviews and quantitative analysis, the study investigates the impact of pre-conflict skills, mobility patterns, academic and job opportunities, gender dynamics, social and human capital, and potential restrictions faced by refugees. The findings shed light on how these factors shape refugees' choices and experiences. The qualitative study, semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, reveals that challenges such as language barriers, limited work opportunities, educational obstacles, and restrictive policies in Türkiye, Jordan, and Lebanon acted as push factors for skilled Syrians to seek better prospects in the West. Conversely, factors like language support, employment opportunities, education facilitation, and inclusive policies in Western countries served as pull factors. Social and human capital, as well as personal attributes like flexibility and courage, played a crucial role in the integration process for those who moved. The quantitative analysis, an online questionnaire, conducted with 100 Syrian individuals residing in Türkiye, examines the reasons behind the preference to stay in Türkiye rather than migrate to the West. The results indicate a strong relationship between having a current job in Türkiye and the decision to remain, while the similarity of culture and tradition between Türkiye and Syria was not a significant factor. Moral and religious concerns about the future of families and children in the West emerged as a notable consideration for some respondents. Overall, this research contributes to the understanding of multiple migration flows and the decision-making processes of Syrian refugees, offering valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and host countries alike. Keywords: Syrians, Skilled, Refugees, Migrants, Under Temporary Protection Individuals, Conflict, Education, Economic, Culture, Religion.