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Transgenerational transmission of trauma: investigating cognitive, emotional and behavioral forms of transmission among Marmara Earthquake survivors
The present study examined transgenerational transmission of trauma over 1999 Marmara Earthquake on children of survivors in terms of metacognitive, emotional and behavioral aspects. Transmission was inferred by looking at two things. First, whether parental earthquake-related memories were transmitted to the next generation was investigated. To do that, to what extent severity of parental exposure to earthquake was related to the child's inclusion of earthquake memory into his/her biographical knowledge about the parent was measured. Second, whether parental trauma was transmitted to the next generation via some metacognitive, emotional and behavioral outcomes was examined. Participants were assigned to trauma and comparison group based on whether their parents directly experienced the 1999 Earthquake in Kocaeli (Gölcük, İzmit, Karamürsel, Derince) or not. When adolescences were asked to recall 10 most important events from their parent's life, 65.6% of trauma group and 5.5% of comparison group included 1999 Marmara Earthquake events. However, trauma and comparison group children did not significantly differ from each other on metacognition, emotion regulation, internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. These results indicated that although earthquake related traumatic experiences were transmitted to the next generations through memories, negative impacts of these experiences did not reveal about themselves via next generations' metacognitive emotional and behavioral problems as measured by quantitative scales.
The relationship between attachment and motivated forgetting: Investigating the effects of attachment style and mental representations of attachment figures on the directed forgetting of autobiographical memories
Previous research focused on how attachment security is related to regulating emotions after a stressful event has already occurred. But, the role of attachment on antecedent emotion regulation strategies is not clear. Research on autobiographical memory and emotion regulation suggest that remembering memories can be used to regulate emotions in an antecedent manner. In the present study, for the first time, the relationship between attachment and emotion regulation was investigated by looking at whether imagining a secure attachment figure would help to inhibit negative memories. First, the participants were grouped as secure and insecure based on their attachment scores. Next, participants were asked to imagine their attachment figures, friends or acquaintances according to the experimental condition that they were randomly assigned to. Immediately after the mental activation task, participants were provided with two lists which consisted of equal number of positive and negative words. Participants had to remember a specific autobiographical memory for each word. Half of the participants (forget group) in each mental activation group were instructed to forget list 1 memories and remember list 2 memories. Remaining were asked to recall all memories (remember group). All participants were asked to remember all memories in the final recall. The results demonstrated that mental activation did not have any significant effect on inhibiting positive and negative memories. But, the attachment style significantly moderated the relationship between directed forgetting and memory recall. Particularly, insecurely attached participants were able to inhibit their positive memories, while securely attached ones were not. Furthermore, negative memories were not inhibited regardless of attachment style. These results suggest that insecure attachment down-regulates one's mood by facilitating the inhibition of positive memories. Keywords: Attachment, Emotion Regulation, Intentional Forgetting
The mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and metacognition in the relationship between terrorism and community violence related risk appraisals and psychological symptomatology
The purpose of the present study was to examine the mediating roles of emotion dysregulation and metacognition in the relationship between terrorism and community violence related risk appraisals and psychological symptomatology. Brief Symptom Inventory, Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-Brief Form, Terror Risk Perception Questionnaire and Metacognition Questionnaire were used to collect data from university students (between 18-23 years old) who have been living in Ankara at least 3 years. The results of multiple mediation models indicated that risk appraisals towards terrorist attacks and community violence incidents may lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and to use of unhelpful metacognitive functions that may also lead to disrupting psychological functioning in the youth population. The findings of the present study have clinical and psychosocial implications. In clinical implications, cognitive and emotional skills of youth would be supported by working on emotion regulation and metacognitive functions. In psychosocial implications, youths' the sense of control and safety would be improved by community-based interventions and policies.
Age differences in remembering mixed emotional experiences
In many cases, we experience different kinds of mixed emotions, but the concepts related to those experiences are still being studied. The present study examined the phenomenological differences between discrete emotional and mixed emotional experiences among different age groups. Forty-one adolescents between ages 18 and 22, thirty-seven adults in midlife between ages 40 and 44, and thirty-one people older than age 65 were participated in the study. Participants were briefly explained their mixed emotional (e.g. happiness& sadness, anger&compassion) and discrete emotional (e.g. happiness, anger, compassion and sadness) experiences and responded to Autobiographical Memory Characteristics Questionnaire for each. Results suggest that discrete emotional experiences are remembered better than mixed emotional experinces. Relatedly, inhibiting mixed emotion is easier than inhibiting single emotion. According to age, older adults inhibit their emotions easier than younger age groups. Middle adults inhibit bittersweat emotions better than adolescents and older people. The findings were discussed in relation to emotion and aging literature.
The mediating role of event-related houseld discussions in the relationship between family factors and psychological adjustment in children and adolescents exposed to terrorism and community violence
The main objective of the study was to test the mediating role of event-related household discussions in the relationship between family factors (family functioning and parental mental health) and developing internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children and adolescents after controlling for exposure to terrorism and community violence events. With this aim a total of 129 children and adolescents ages between 11-18 years and their parents who exposed to terrorist attacks and July 15, 2016 coup attempt and related community violence events took place in Ankara in the last 1.5 years were recruited in the study. Data were gathered through self-report measurement tools. Results indicated that father's and mother's mental health and family functioning predicts internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents. It was also revealed that both father's and mother's mental health and family functioning influence the quality of the event-related household discussion hold between parent and their children after traumatic event exposure. Regardless of the effects of event-related household discussion, family functioning directly influences the internalizing and externalizing behavior problems of children and adolescents. The main finding of the study is that event-related household discussion mediates the relationship for parental mental health and internalizing behavioral problems but does not mediate the relationship for parental mental health and externalizing behavioral problems of children and adolescents. The study provides useful framework for clinicians in terms of the importance of adopting comprehensive approach for treatment of psychological adjustment of children and adolescent and effectiveness of household discussions conducted between parents and their children after traumatic events.
Negative emotions in siblings of individual with a developmental disorder: The roles of early maladaptive schemas and system justification
Research has demonstrated that siblings of individuals with a developmental disorder generally experience negative emotions in their daily life. However, very little is known about psychological predictors behind these negative emotional experiences of siblings of individuals with a developmental disorder. The goal of the current thesis was to examine predictors of emotions among these siblings. By combining knowledge from the domains of siblings of individuals with a developmental disorder, emotions, early maladaptive schemas, and system justification, it was argued that negative emotions of siblings of individuals with developmental disorders would be predicted by higher levels of early maladaptive schemas and lower levels of mental health care system justification. Additionally, it was hypothesized that, siblings of individuals with a developmental disorder would have more negative emotions, maladaptive schemas and a higher tendency for mental health care system justification than siblings of individuals without a developmental disorder. To do this, in one correlational study, data collected from 72 siblings of individuals with a developmental disorder and 109 siblings of individuals without a developmental disorder. Results demonstrated that, as expected, both mental health care system justification tendency and schema domains such as Disconnection and Impaired Autonomy emerged as significant predictors of negative emotions. Morever, individual with a developmental disorder reported more stronger Other Directedness schema domain than siblings of individual without a developmental disorder. In addition, individuals with a developmental disorder reported more siblings-related negative emotions and higher levels of mental health care system justification than siblings of individual without a developmental disorder. The implications and future directions of the study were discussed. Keywords: Sibling, Developmental Disorder, Emotions, Early Maladaptive Schemas, System Justification
An investigation into the effects of mood and autobiographical memory on risk appraisal in adolescents
Risk-taking behaviors and identity is two of the biggest concerns in adolescence and emerging adulthood. In the current study, risk-taking behaviors were focused in the frame of self-concept which is a crucial part of identity. The primary aim of the study was to investigate both direct relationship of the positive and negative self-concept via self-defining memories (SDM) on risk-taking behaviors and indirectly through risk appraisal while the mood after recalling these memories moderating these two relationships. Beside of the main aim, there were few research questions that the study investigated. The present study investigated predictive roles of sensation-seeking and impulsivity on risk-taking. Moreover, the differences between positive and negative SDMs in terms of phenomenological characteristics and the emotions were other research questions that were focused. The data was collected from 113 students whose age range was between 17 and 23 from different universities in Ankara, Turkey. The results showed that there is no relationship between SDM and risk-taking either directly or indirectly through risk appraisal. Moreover, the study did not find any relationship between mood and risk-taking. For research questions, the results showed that sensation-seeking is a better predictor than impulsivity. Furthermore, results showed that there are several differences between positive and negative SDM both in terms of phenomenological characteristics and emotions.
"I need to be updated": Fear of missing out and its antecedents as predictors of adolescents' and emerging adults' aspects of social media addiction
Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), is a phenomenon where people aiming not to miss any information what is going on in others' lives, as well as social interactions and meetings. The few studies that have investigated FoMO have shown that it relates to internet and social media use, life satisfaction and also some psychological symptoms such as anxiety. However, less is known about FoMO in non-Western cultural settings, and even less about the factors that might predict FoMO. The aim of the current study was to investigate to what extent FoMO is predicted by personality characteristics (such as conscientiousness and emotional stability) and social anxiety, personal goals (namely, aspiration for being attractive) and the social context (specifically, parental psychological control). Also, it was tested whether FoMO in turn predicts aspects of social media addiction. Two different samples from Turkey were recruited who were 315 high school student adolescents (Mage = 15.94; 49.8% females) and 344 emerging adults (Mage = 19.09; 52.6% females). The results of multiple hierarchical regression analyses showed that emotional stability negatively and pursuit for attractiveness goal positively predicted FoMO in both groups. Also, FoMO was positively predicted by social anxiety among adolescents and perceived psychological parental among emerging adults. In addition, FoMO was in turn associated with both indices of social media addiction. Moreover, a series of tests of indirect effects showed that the antecedents of FoMO were indirectly related to social media addiction by means of FoMO. These findings underscore the need to study better the nature of FoMO. Limitations and future directions are also discussed. Keywords: Fear of Missing Out (FoMO), personality characteristics, parental psychological control, personal goals
Psychological well-being in adolescents with lower socio-economic status: The roles of emotions and system justification
Previous studies have demonstrated that poverty is negatively related to psychological well-being among adolescents. Although there is an increasing interest in understanding psychological predictors behind well-being of adolescents from poor family backgrounds, most studies have largely focused on the role of family structure, such as parental support and parental cohabitation. However, since poverty occurs in a context of social relations embedded in power inequalities in society, it is also important to understand whether well-being of adolescents coming from lower socioeconomic status (SES) is related with how adolescents with low SES perceive inequality and what emotions they feel toward the affluent. Therefore, in the current thesis, it was focused on the well-being of the adolescents coming from lower SES family background, with a particular emphasis on the roles of emotions and system justification, which taps individuals' tendency to legitimize inequality. Specifically, in terms of emotions, the attention was narrowed to anger and admiration which are two important and prevalent emotions in the context of poverty. Moreover, it was attempted to examine not only admiration and anger as discrete emotions but also as a mixed emotional experience, which refers to affective experiences characterized by the co-activation of two emotions, usually opposite in valence. Combining knowledge from the domains of poverty among adolescents, system justification, admiration, anger, and mixed emotions, the goal of the thesis was to understand whether both system justification and emotions in relation with the affluent peers predicted well-being of adolescents coming from lower SES family. It was argued that justifying economic inequalities would positively predict well-being of adolescents coming from lower SES family. It was also claimed that both anger and admiration as discrete emotions and as a mixed emotional experience would negatively predict well-being. However, it was argued that the link between system justification and well-being would be mediated by both discrete emotions and mixed emotions. To do this, in one correlational study, data was collected from high school adolescents (N =219). As expected, results demonstrated that system justification predicted well-being through anger. However, although admiration and mixed emotion of admiration and anger were negatively associated with well-being, they were not related to system justification. Implications, future directions, and limitations of the study were discussed.
System justification and mental health: The roles of rumination and distraction
Previous research indicated that justifying the societal status quo influences mental health and serves as a coping mechanism which leads individuals to feel better in difficult times. However, the underlying process of the relationship between system justification and mental health indicators remains unclear. The goal of the present study was to examine the mediating role of emotion regulation in this association. In particular, the current study focused on the mediating roles of two certain emotion regulation strategies namely, distraction and rumination. By combining knowledge from the domains of system justification, emotion regulation, psychological well-being, anxiety, and perceived stress; it was argued that system justification would negatively predict rumination and positively predict distraction. Additionally, it was expected that rumination would be related to adverse mental health outcomes whereas distraction would be related to better mental health outcomes. Moreover, it was hypothesized that emotion regulation strategies together would mediate the relationship between system justification and mental health. The hypotheses were predicted in the context of the judicial system of Turkey. To test these, in one correlational study, data were collected from 432 university students. Results demonstrated that, as expected, system justification was negatively related to rumination, anxiety and perceived stress, and positively related to psychological well-being. Moreover, rumination mediated the relationship between system justification on one hand and anxiety and perceived stress on the other. The findings expand our understanding of the underlying link between system justification and mental health by elucidating the roles on emotion regulation strategies.