Theses supervised by Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık
14 theses · Gazi University, İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University
II. Murad Dönemine ait Tahrir Defterlerinin yayına hazırlanması ve bu malzemeye göre tımar sistemi, demografi, yerleşme ve topoğrafya üzerinde araştırmalar
Bu çalışmanın amacı en eski Osmanlı tahrir defterlerine dayanarak imparatorluğun tımar sistemi, kale, voynuk, derbend gibi önemli kurumlarını ve Osmanlıların Balkanlardaki yayılış koşullarını, İslamlaşma ve iskânı değerlendirmektir. Bu tez Ankara Savaşından ( 1402 ) İstanbul'un fethine ( 1453 ) kadar olan süreci kapsamaktadır. Özellikle tımar sisteminin yapısı, organizasyonu, tımar sistemindeki muamelat ve tımarlıların menşei gibi meseleler üzerinde durulmuştur.
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu`nda gündelik hayat: Bir yorum
This thesis analyzes various aspects of daily life in the Ottoman Empire especially in the Classical age. The thesis will trace the connection between the state, religion and Ottoman people alongside the features of daily life. To see the relationship between them mainly three types of sources are used: Judicial records, mühimme registers and travel accounts. Each of them is used in a comparative and complementary way in order to establish a general picture of the daily life in the Ottoman Empire during the classical period. The purpose of the study is to demonstrate partially the course of everyday life under the impact of the official and religious ideals, views and its practices over the issue.Keywords: Everyday life, Official and Religious Impact on Social Life.
Osmanlı Devletinin XIV.-XVI yüzyıllarındaki islamiyetin Arnavut topraklarına yayılması
This dissertation provides a detailed picture of the religious situation in Albanian lands before the Ottoman conquest and analyzes the conditions upon the establishment of Ottoman rale and the initial stages of Islam/Islamization in that area. A complex approach is necessary to find the roots and to understand the phenomenon of the massive conversion of Albanians to Islam throughout the Ottoman period. The lack of a "national" church, the weak organisation of the Christian churches after the Ottoman conquest, and the establishment of Ottoman rule with a great measure of finality, were the most important factors which caused the gradual process of massive conversion to Islam. Keywords: Albanian, Islam, Christianity, conversion
On altıncı ve on yedinci yüzyıllar boyunca Osmanlı İmparatorluğu`nda para ve kullanımı
This dissertation is intended to examine the monetary past of the Ottoman Empire over the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. To the extent made possible by the availability of sources, both from a numismatic and a historical perspective, it will focus on the whole of the Ottoman monetary system as much as on the individual parts and the linkages between them from the Balkans and Crimea through Syria, Egypt, and the Gulf to the Maghrib. These regions were drawn into very divergent patterns of trade and payments flows from Western Europe to the Indian Ocean. Besides, the political, administrative, and economic linkages between the centre and these regions varied enormously over time. The study will thus emphasize the complexity and heterogeneity of the monetary arrangements and their evolution in response to both local developments and global economic forces. Such a perspective on monetary history will offer new insights into the nature of the demand for money, the supply of money and the very concept of money. Based on these regional and international perspectives, it established the logic and perception of the monetary system. iii
İstanbul`daki Hollanda Büyükelçisi: Cornelis Haga ve 1612 Hollanda kapitülasyonları
This dissertation evaluates the granting of capitulations to the Dutch Republic by the Ottoman Sultan in 1612, and early years of first Dutch ambassador Cornells Haga. The United Provinces, formed by seven provinces of the Low Countries in 1579, signed Twelve Years Truce with Spain in 1609. The truce was the beginning of Dutch primacy in world economy, which would last until mid 17th century. The Dutch Republic sent Haga to achieve grant of capitulations by the Sultan Ahmed I. Despite intensive opposition of Venetian, French and English ambassadors at the Porte, Haga fulfilled his mission and remained in Istanbul as resident ambassador. From Haga's arrival onwards, Vizier Halil Paşa provided all kinds of assistance to him in establishing diplomatic relations with the Porte. In a few years Dutch consulates were opened in major port cities throughout the Mediterranean. Haga remained in Istanbul for 27 years, where he came for a temporary mission. Halil Paşa's protection was always crucial both for Haga and for the Dutch merchants. This study analyses the story of Haga as an ambassador relying on his register book including all diplomatic correspondences of his embassy. In other words, the dissertation is a case study for granting of capitulations by the Ottoman Sultan and the diplomatic maneuvers resorted by other ambassadors at the Porte. Keywords: Holland, The Netherlands, Cornelis Haga, Halil Paşa, Capitulations, Ambassador, Diplomacy, States General, Levant Company, Europe.
Rumeli'de Akıncıların askeri teşkilatı
İşbu araştırma Osmanlı ordusunun bir mühim parçası olan akıncı kuvvetlerini ele almaktadır. Araştırmanın esas arşiv kaynağı XV. yüzyılından kalmış olan bir akıncı defterinin ışığı altında adı geçmiş olan askeri birliğin özellikleri tespit olmaktadır. Osmanlı tarihinin ilk asırlarında önemli rol oynayan atlı bölüklerinin önemini araştırırken bunların Balkanlar fütuhatındaki önemini daha sarih bir surette araştırılmış olmaktadır. Sofya Osmanlı Arşivinde yeni bulunmuş olan 1472 tarihli defter yardımıyle akıncı kuvvetlerinin organizasyon prensipleri tespit edilmiş olmaktadır. Böylece araştırmamız akıncıların Balkan yarımadasındaki Osmanlı fethi sırasında önemli bir askeri kıta olarak ortaya çıkışı izah edilmektedir. Bunun yamsıra ileri gelmiş olan akıncı beylerinin Balkanlar fütuhatının sırasında uc geleneklerine göre oynadıkları muazzam rolü açıklanmış oluyor. 1472 tarihli defter akıncıların Fatih Sultan Mehmed devrinde merkezlenmekte olan Osmanlı devletinde akıncıların yeni siyasal gerçeklere nasıl uydukları, yani, bunların ortaya konulmuş olan yeni sosyo-politik şartalara nasıl uymuş olduklarını göstermektedir. Bununla beraber akıncı kuvvetlerinintarihi tekâmülü ile beylerin sosyal ve siyasal önemi incelenmiş olmaktadır. Şöyle ki işbu araştırmanın esas görevi, akıncı organizasyonun tespit ettiğimiz genel prensipleri ışığı altında, bunun gelişiminin ilk safhasını aydınlatmak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: akıncı, uc-beyi, Evrenos-oğullan, Mihal-oğullan, Turahan- oğullan, Malkoç-oğullan, raider, military, Balkans, Thrace. vı
Yukarı Trakya`da demografik değişmeleri: Filibe,Tatar Pazar ve İstanimaka şehirleri (1472-1614)
ABSTRACT DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF OTTOMAN UPPER THRACE: A CASE STUDY ON FİLİBE, TATAR PAZARCIK AND İSTANİMAKA (1472-1614) Grigor Boykov M.A., Department of History Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Halil İnalcık September 2004 The thesis examines the demographic processes of three Ottoman cities in the period late fifteenth - early seventeenth centuries. Seen through the data provided by the Ottoman tax and population censuses {tahrir defterleri) the research illustrates three different types of urban development and demographic trends in the Ottoman Upper Thrace. The first type, representative of which was the city of Filibe, points pre- Ottoman settlements, which as a consequence of the policy of the central Ottoman administration, have been recreated and repopulated with Turkish colonists from Asia Minor. The central authority played a crucial role in the demographic processes there. The second type, Tatar Pazarcık, is an example of newly founded Ottoman city in the development of which the state also took active part. The third type, istamimaka, represents settlement from the medieval Balkan period, which stayed out of the strategic interest of the Ottoman government, having minor state interference in the natural demographic processes. Keywords: demography, colonization, deportation, tahrir defterleri, Filibe, Plovdiv, Tatar Bazan, Tatar Pazarcık, Pazardjik, İstanimaka, Asenovgrad. m
1530 tarihli Muhasebe-i Vilayet-i Rumeli defteri'ne göre Paşa Sancağı sol-kol bölgesinde demografi ve yerleşim
The thesis analyzes demographic and settlement features of Paşa Sancağı Sol-Kolregion, which covers the ancient Via Egnatia route, mainly in accordance withMuhasebe-i Vilayet-i Rumeli Defteri dated 1530 numbered 167. For the purpose offounding a basis for the explanation of the demographic and settlement structure,the geographical and climatic conditions of the region and the nomadic type ofliving are told. Using some of the fiscal surveys (tahrirs) of the region from thefifteenth century, the demographic conditions and the Turkish settlement in theregion is revealed including other elements of settlement process together with thenomadic people (Yörüks). The administrative structure of the Sol-Kol is mentionedto be able to observe a general picture. Then, the demographic situation and theyörük presence in the region in the sixteenth century are evaluated.Keywords: Paşa Sancağı, Sol-Kol, Via Egnatia, Muhasebe-i Vilayet-i RumeliDefteri, yörük, nomad, tahrir, demography, Balkans.iii
Kuzey-Doğu Bulgaristan'ın demografik yapısı ve yerleşim düzeni: Niğbolu Sancağı (1479-1483)
This thesis examines demographic structure and settlement patterns of Niğbolu Sandjak in thethe last two decades of the fifteenth century. Seen through the data provided by the Ottomantax and population censuses (tahrir defterleri), the research shows the demographicmovements of native Christians in the sandjak and new settlers coming from the Asia Minor.The thesis examines the presence of Turkic people in the region from 5th century to the end ofthe 15th century. Based on the two 15th century icmâl defters of Niğbolu Sandjak, this studyfocuses on recovery of pre-Ottoman settlemets and establishment of new Turkish settlements.Also this study criticizes the catastroph theory of Hristo Gandev who developed one of theleading demographic theories of Marxist Balkan historiography. The information we get fromthe icmâl defters does not consistant with Gandev?s Catastrophy Theory. Following theconquest of the region, neither a quick Turkification nor a mass-Islamization was happened inthe sandjak but the secure and peacefull environment provided the infrastructure of theseIslamizationa and Turkification processes for the sixteenth century.Keywords: Niğbolu, demography, settlement, icmâl defterleri, Catastrophe Theory, yörük,mezraa.
Erken Osmanlı topraklarında veba: 1347-1550
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the possible impact of the Black Death on the early Ottoman society. Firstly, a temporal and spatial analysis of the outbreaks was established using contemporary Ottoman, Byzantine and Latin sources. In view of the territorial expansion of the Ottoman state in the period studied, information on the adjacent territories was included.The response towards plague was then evaluated taking into account the information obtained on the frequency and geographical distribution of the disease and contrasted with certain previous theories on the impact of plague on Ottoman society.The study reveals that the high frequency of plague outbreaks identified by this study can be linked to a behavior of overall acceptance and to specific actions of an administrative and religious nature.Keywords: plague, epidemic, Black Death, social response, policy, chronology
16. ve 17. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu?nda kânûnnâme yazımının gelişimi: II. Bayezid?in Kânûn-i Osmânîsi ile Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd?in mukayesesi
This thesis aims to analyze the changes in the concept of kânûnnâme in the Ottoman Empire from the 16th till the late 17th century. The kânûnnâme, an `urfî code of laws issued by the authority of the sultan, is one of the key factors in order to understand the nature of the Ottoman Law. By the late 17th century, the word kânûnnâme gained a new definition with the inclusion of the şer`î law.The kânûnnâme of Bayezid II, is an example of the urf`î law. However, after the times of Bayezid II, the field of urf`î law, especially the land law, was going to be explained by the terms of şer?î law. Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd is most likely an example of a land code which combines urf`î law and şer`î law.This thesis aims the fulfillment of three objectives: This first objective is to analyze the technical and legal aspects of the kânûnnâmes written from the times of Bayezid II till 1674 which is the date of fermân included in the end of many versions of Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd. The possible reasons behind this evolution will be examined in this part. Second object is to compare the Kânûnnâme of Bayezid II and Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd in order to understand the practical result of the evolution. The third object is to find the most faithful version of Kânûnnâme-i Cedîd by an attempt of édition critique.
Onaltıncı yüzyılda Osmanlı Batı Trakyası Yörükleri
This study essentially questions the nature of the yörük population in Ottoman western Thrace through an examination of fiscal and military registers of the sixteenth century. Firstly, through a discussion of the terminology used for mobile social groups in other disciplines, such as anthropology and geography, it is revealed that there is no terminological consensus, but rather a variety within and among the terms used. In parallel with this theoretical background, it is argued that the concept of variety occupied an important role in yörüks? ways of life in the region in question. This is also reflected in the manners in which they were registered, though a different manner of registration did not necessarily signify a different way of life. In this particular sphere, the yörük groups examined are those of the districts of Demürhisar, Drama, Yenice-i Karasu, and Gümülcine.Next, the military nature of these yörüks is analyzed. The origins and formation of the yörük organization in Rumelia are discussed through the case of western Thrace. Similarities with and differences from other auxiliary forces are also investigated in connection with the question of origins and formation. The regulations issued for the yörüks as a military group and the changes that occurred over time are looked at so as to be able to see any differentiation. The extent of militarization among the yörüks in the region is evaluated through the classical fiscal surveys and the yörük registers, with a revisional approach to the literature being taken. Within this scope, the nature of the yörük registers is questioned, and the correlation between registered and unregistered yörüks is revealed.
Fethedilen mekânın efendisi olmak: Osmanlı Yukarı Trakyası'nda kentsel yaşamın yeniden doğuşu (14.-17. yy.)
This dissertation examines several cases of urban development in the Ottoman Balkans aiming to demonstrate the existence of an established Ottoman model for urban modification and creation of new towns. Focusing on the morphology of four towns rebuilt or established from scratch the dissertation finds a normative pattern in the methods applied by the Ottomans in reclaiming urban space in the conquered territories. The Ottoman central power and the semi-autonomous border raider commanders in the Balkans applied a program for changing of the inherited spatial in order in the Byzantino-Slavic cities in the Balkans through a conscious attempt for shifting of the existing urban core away of the fortified parts. The concept for changing of the spatial order through architectural patronage has followed a long evolutionary path and certainly predates the Ottoman state. The T-shaped multifunctional imaret/zaviyes used in the Ottoman urban program as colonizers of urban space constitute the important novelty that came into being in Ottoman Bithynia and was subsequently transferred to the Balkans.
Anadolu'nun fethinden Osmanlı Dönemine Anadolu'da kurulmuş olan önde gelen sağlık kuruluşları: Dârü'ş-Şifâlar
Following the Turkic conquest of Anatolia by the end of the 11th century, some of the health institutes that were built are still extant. Almost nothing is known about their actual functions in the Pre-Ottoman era. However, at least for some of them, we encounter some information in the Ottoman documents. The oldest of these institutes is the Şeyh Eminüddin Bîmârhânesi in Mardin which is said to be founded by Artukids in the first quarter of the 12th century. The second health institute following the bîmârhâne in Mardin is the one founded in Kayseri in the beginning of the 13th century by Selcukids. After them, many others appear to be erected in various cities during the remainder of 13th century. Some pioneer researches dealing with these institutions that were done in the 1940?s with relatively inadequate material support, and the information quoted from these works continues to be referred to, without adding much to the existing knowledge. Herein, the existing information is re-evaluated while the Ottoman documents relating to these institutions are investigated. This study is restricted to the four health institutes, which were the earliest ones chronologically. These are Şeyh Eminüddin Bîmârhânesi in Mardin, Gevher Nesibe Mâristan in Kayseri, Keykavus Darü's-sıhası in Sivas and Turan Melek Darü'ş-şifâsı in Divriği. These were the first four health institutions, which were founded in Anatolia after the year 1071. Although the main objective of this study is to investigate the existence and the functions of these health institutes in the Ottoman era, the available information about the pre-Ottoman era is re-evaluated. Owing to the integrity of the subject, the information about the other darü'ş-şifâs (Çankırı, Kastamonu, Tokat, Konya and Amasya) was summarized using the secondary sources.