Istanbul castles between the 15th and 18th centuries

The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate the fortresses in Istanbul between the 15th and 18th centuries. The scope of the study is limited to the borders of today's Istanbul province, focusing particularly on fortresses and similar structures that can be identified through topographical studies. While the primary focus is on classical medieval fortresses, the research also includes fortresses built in the later period when the classical understanding of fortresses changed. The research on Istanbul fortresses has not been comprehensive, mainly focusing on scientific and architectural aspects. In this study, Istanbul fortresses are evaluated with a holistic approach, including their social aspects. To collect data, period sources, archives, and existing research in this field were utilized. The Ottoman Empire, prior to the conquest of Istanbul, was undoubtedly advanced in fortification technology. The earliest examples of this are the Anadolu Hisarı and Rumeli Hisarı, built in the early period. With the conquest of Istanbul, many Byzantine fortresses were preserved. The military function of these fortresses, located at the center of the state, diminished over time. However, many have continued to exist within the city's social structure. Fortresses have played a role beyond their military function, contributing to settlement growth. The 17th and 18th centuries were periods when the Ottoman Empire was distant from its former power. As a result, the Ottoman Empire was compelled to recall the military importance of fortresses. The state built new fortresses from the Black Sea towards the center and reinforced existing ones.