Investigation of post-traumatic psychological changes and associated factors in university students who experienced the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes

This study aimed to compare the psychological changes experienced by university students affected by the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes at 6 and 12 months after the event, and to examine the influencing factors. Using a descriptive, correlational quantitative design, the study was conducted prospectively with 178 students from a state university. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form, Psychological Capital Perception Scale, DSM-5 PTSD Checklist, DSM-5 Depression Scale (Adult), and the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. Analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0 with t-tests, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and the Mann-Whitney U Test. Participants had a mean age of 22.3±3.03 years; 60.1% were female. Due to the earthquake, 60.7% lost a relative. Compared to the 6th month, the 12th month showed significant increases in self-confidence, interpersonal engagement, and awareness (p<0.001), as measured by the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory. PTSD symptoms—re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal—significantly decreased (p≤0.001). However, depression levels increased (z=-8.837, p<0.001), and psychological capital levels showed no significant change (p>0.05). Positive associations were found between post-traumatic growth and psychological capital, as well as support from family and university (p<0.05). PTSD was higher among females and those who lost a relative, and negatively correlated with psychological capital. Depression was also higher in females and negatively associated with psychological capital, household income, and family support (p<0.05). In conclusion, although psychological capital remained stable, post-traumatic growth increased and PTSD symptoms decreased after one year, while depression worsened. Strengthening long-term psychosocial support and enhancing access to social resources are recommended. KEYWORDS: Earthquake, Depression, Post-traumatic change, Post-traumatic stress disorder, University student