Integration model for renewable energy systems compatible with smart grids

In the context of energy transition, the increasing integration of renewable energy sources, particularly solar and wind energy, into electricity grids presents significant challenges in terms of stability, disruption management, and resource optimization. These challenges necessitate the development of integration models that can simultaneously ensure uninterrupted supply, supply-demand balance, and compatibility with smart grid requirements. This study proposes a hybrid microgrid model for renewable energy integration compatible with smart grids, operating with rule-based control (RUC) and managed by an energy management system (EMS). The microgrid consists of a 19.7 kW photovoltaic system coupled with a perturb & observe algorithm-based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) approach, a wind energy system with a permanent magnet synchronous generator producing an average of 6.2 kW of power, a 100 Ah battery, and an 8 kW parallel RLC load connected on a 700V DC bus. A systematic approach was adopted in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to model, simulate, and analyze the energy flow dynamics of the system and the interactions between its components. Five operating scenarios were examined, defined as solar mode, wind mode, island mode, overload mode, and battery mode. The results show that in solar and wind modes, the electricity demand of an 8 kW load is fully met, and excess energy is directed to the battery. In island mode, despite grid disconnection, supply continuity is ensured, and the DC bus voltage remains stable at 700V. In the 100 kW overload mode, the RUC-EMS system coordinately manages the grid, wind, solar, and discharge-mode battery to meet the electricity demand. These results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed model and its suitability for the functional requirements of smart grids.