Physicochemical and bacteriological investigation of pinarbasi (Hurma, Antalya) source water located west of Antalya city center

Although 70% of freshwater is trapped in glaciers, global freshwater scarcity is increasing. Sustainable water management is especially critical in Turkey, which has a high water footprint. Antalya, a major tourism and agricultural hub, is facing significant water stress due to climate change, population growth and other factors. To assess the quality of Antalya's Pinarbasi source water, this study analyzes its physicochemical and bacteriological quality between February 2023 and January 2024. Pinarbasi source water is a geological spring originating from the Alakircay River and interacting with the surrounding formations. The temperature of the water is constant and is classified as soft and "spring water" according to the standards set out in TS266 (2005). Despite significant variability in pH values, electrical conductivity values indicate that the water meets the acceptable range for irrigation purposes. Salinity and sodium ratios are generally considered suitable irrigation water for most crops. The water in question is classified as "freshwater" and its suitability for irrigation is evidenced by both the Prism Index (medium class irrigation) and the Kelly Ratio. According to the Schoeller and Piper diagrams, the water is potable and classified as "good to very good quality". In addition, the sodium percentage and SAR values indicate that the water is classified as "excellent" to "very good" irrigation water. However, the analysis revealed that elements such as "Cr, Fe, Sr, Mn" were extremely polluted, with "Sr" in particular showing high levels of contamination. The water quality index (WQI) value for heavy metals indicates that these waters are "extremely polluted". This finding underlines the need for further research, especially on "Sr" pollution. The presence of Escherichia coli in water as a result of bacteriological analysis indicates that the water is contaminated with sewage water.