The investigation of the effects of some textile dye stuffs on the Drosophila melanogaster

ABSTRACTPhD. ThesisTHE INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SOME TEXT LE DYESTUFFS ON THE Drosophila melanogasterLütfiye ÖZATAInonu UniversityGraduate School of Natural and Applied SciencesDepartment of Biology87 + x pages2006Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif YEŞ LADAIn the first part of this study, six textile dyes namely Astrazon goldgelb GL-E,Astrazon schwarz FDL, Chrocion scarlet, Chrocion yellow, Remazol turquoise blue,remazol red RR and textile wastewater were evaluated for the mutagenic andrecombinagenic effects using the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster (somaticmutation and recombination test, SMART). Two crosses were used, the standard cross(ST) and the improved high-bioactivation cross (HB) were used, the latter cross ischaracterised by a high sensitivity to promutagens and procarcinogens. Three-day-oldlarvae, transheterozygous for the multiple wing hairs (mwh, 3-0.3) and flare (flr3, 3-38.8) genes, were chronically fed with different concentrations of test compounts.Feeding ended with pupation of the surviving larvae and the genetic changes induced insomatic cells of the wing?s imaginal discs lead to the formation of mutant clones on thewing blade. Point mutation, chromosome breakage and mitotic recombination producesingle spots; while twin spots are produced only by mitotic recombination. Commonlyknown mutagens (Ethyl methanesulfonate and urethane) were applied as positivecontrols. All concentrations of textile dyes and textile wastewater, Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) and urethane caused a decrease in survival proportional toconcentration used. EMS and urethane caused increase in the number of all types ofspots in both standard and high-bioactivation crosses. Compared to ST crosses, thenumber of induced spots in the HB cross treated with urethane was considerably high.Treatment of the standard and the high-bioactivation crosses with Astrazon goldgelbGL-E, astrazon schwarz FDL, chrocion yellow, remazol turquoise blue and remazol redRR gave positive results, apparent from increase in the frequency of the single spots ortween spots. Chrocion scarlet gave inconsistent result in both crosses. Textilewastewater increased the number of all spots type in both crosses and proved to be moregenotoxic in the HB cross than in the ST cross.In the a second part of this study, it was shown that the antioxidant defensparametres of D. melanogaster, including the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH)and activities of superoxid dismutse (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutatione reductase(GR) with glutatione S-tranferase (GST), were higly sensitive to textile dyes exposure.iiiChanges of these parameters indicated that there was an increase in the production ofoxyradicals by Drosophila and the presence of oxidative stress.The results confirm previous findings testing for their mutagenic effects that dyeproducts are marketed without a sufficiently tested and that show mutagenic effects invivo tests. And this study proved the genotoxicity and toxicity of these textile dyes, andsuggested that further studies should be made on other dyes and some other toxicindustrial pollutant discharges in ecosystems, using Drosophila melanogaster wing spottest as an indicator to monitor pollutant genotoxicity.Keywords: Drosophila melanogaster, SMART test, genotoxicity, textile dye, textilewastewater, antioxdant defenses, oksidative stress.iv