Synthesis and characterization of composites obtained using bio-based resins and perlite

Bio-based resins offer a significant alternative in industry due to their environmentally friendly characteristics and superior performance. With the advancement of technology and the increasing awareness of environmental sustainability, the use of these resins has become more widespread, contributing to sustainable production processes. In this doctoral study, the thermal, mechanical, and chemical properties of composite materials composed of perlite (in some mixtures coated with sodium silicate with a modulus of 2), soy-based bio-resin, polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (PMDI), and, in selected formulations, dry hydroxyethyl cellulose (HES) were investigated. The aim of this research is to evaluate the potential of developing eco-friendly and high-performance composite materials and to determine their applicability in the construction sector. Composite systems were prepared in different proportions to systematically examine the effects of sodium silicate coating, bio-resin content, and PMDI addition on material performance. Thermal properties were determined through thermal conductivity analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical characterization included compressive strength tests conducted in accordance with ASTM standards. Chemical resistance and surface morphology were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Additionally, similar characterization studies were performed on systems composed of cement, perlite, distilled water, dry hydroxyethyl cellulose, powdered polycarboxylate additive, bio-based resin, and PMDI. The interactions between the inorganic matrix and the organic phase, as well as their effects on bonding structure and phase distribution, were comparatively evaluated. The results revealed that sodium silicate coating on perlite and the addition of PMDI significantly improved the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the composites. The utilization of soy-based resin provided a remarkable advantage in terms of environmental sustainability. Overall, this study demonstrates the synergistic effect of renewable binders and mineral additives, contributing to the scientific development of environmentally friendly and high-performance composite materials.