Antimicrobial, antitumoral, antiprotozoal and acetylcholinesterase activities of marine algae

In this study, extracts of 18 marine macroalgae species [8 brown algae (Phaeophyceae), 4 red algae (Rhodophyta) and 6 green algae (Chlorophyta)] collected from coastal of Aegean (Çanakkale to Muğla) among 2010- 2012 years were examined for various activities.Our first objective is to tested antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts of 8 brown algae, 4 red algae and 6 green algae against 7 food pathogen bacterial strains (Gram positive Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538P, S. epidermidis ATCC 12228, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 8043 and Gram negative Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Aeromonas hydrophila 839). To this, methanol and chloroform extracts were examined against test microorganisms by using well diffusion method. After 24 hours, by measuring the inhibition zones, determined the effectives of species. Among the extracts, Dictyota dichotoma var. dichotoma methanol extract inhibited highly Gram negative bacterium E. coli O157:H7 growth (IZ: 22 mm), while Ulva intestinalis methanol extract (against E.coli, 21 mm IZ) and Cystoseira foeniculacea (against B.subtilis, 20 mm IZ) were assessed also effective extracts. The Gram negative E.coli was the most sensitive microorganism. Methanol extracts according to extracts prepared with chloroform was effective.Secondly, to find out antitumoral activities of the crude extracts of 3 brown algae and 1 green algae against three cell line (MDA-MB 231 breast cancer, PC-3 prostate cancer and OVCAR-3 human ovarian cancer cells) by using the cytotoxic assay, in vitro. For this objective, by preparing methanol and chloroform extracts of algae on concentrations 1000, 600, 400, 200, 100 µg/ml, cancer cells were treated 24, 48 ve 72 hours. And cytotoxicity of extracts were determined by using XTT vitality test. Accordingly, Petalonia fascia methanol and chloroform extracts were showed cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 breast cells, 70% (1000 µg/ml, 72th) and 50% (1000 µg/ml, 72th),respectively. Cystoseira foeniculacea methanol extract were observed cytotoxicity also against MDA-MB-231 breast cells 60% (1000 µg/ml, 72th). According to results, methanol extracts was more effective.Third objective, to test extracts of 2 brown algae, 1 red algae and 1 green algae against Leishmania tropica promastigotes (MHOM/TR/10/CBU 10 strain), extracts of 4 brown algae, 1 red algae and 4 green algae against Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Squib 427 strain), Trypanosoma cruzi (ß galactosidase strain), Leishmania infantum [MHOM/MA(BE)/67 strain], Plasmodium falciparum (GHA strain). For this, methanol extracts of 4 algae were prepared on concentrations 500, 250, 125, 62,5, 31,625, 15,625, 7,8 µg/ml and were treated with L. tropica promastigotes 12, 24 and 48 hours. Ulva lactuca extract showed the important activity against L. tropica promastigotes. All promastigotes were killed (48. saat, 500 µg/ml) by this algae. After the result, Scytosiphon lomentaria extract marked also important activity (48. saat, 500 µg/ml, 9×104 promastigotes). Also 4 different extracts of 9 marine algae were prepared on concentration 32 µg/ml and were treated four parasitic protozoa, i.e. Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Plasmodium falciparum. The selective toxicity of extracts was determined on human fibroblasts against MRC-5 cell line. Except for Codium bursa, minimum one extract of all algae showed against T. b. brucei (IC50 values 16,23-23,24 µg/ml). Minumum one extracts of all algae affected against Trypanosoma cruzi and Plasmodium falciparum (IC50 values 10,62?30,91 µg/ml, IC50 values 14,55?25,85 µg/ml, respectively). Only two algal extracts exhibited leishmanicidal activity, i.e. Jania rubens var. rubens, Codium fragile subsp. fragile (IC50 values 16-25,40 µg/ml). Only three marine algae extracts, i.e. Stypocaulon scoparium, Chaetomorpha aerea, Codium fragile subsp. fragile showed some cytotoxicity (IC50 values 14,66-17,59 µg/ml). Extracts prepared with Khex and KCH were more effective than others.Finish objective is to determine the AChE inhibitory activities of MeOH:CHCl3 extracts of 4 brown, 1 red and 4 green algae. To this, extracts of 9 marine algae on 200 µg/ml concentration were examined by using Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) combined with Ellman?s colorimetric method. Extracts of Cystoseira crinata, Jania rubens var. rubens, Ulva compressa were showed highly inhibition against AChE 132,03±30,2%, 103,17±31,9%, 154,79±57,11%, respectively. Extracts of Cystoseira foeniculacea, Chaetomorpha aerea, Codium fragile subsp. fragile were showed 94,03±32,6%, 90,73±52,25%, ve 91,32±21,58%, respectively, and they were thought as potential AChE inhibitory.