Detection of trigonella taxa of North Iraq, phytochemical analysis and physiological activity of some species of trigonella

Trigonella is one of the most important and oldest known medicinal plants in the world. It is used in treating many diseases due to its various effective compounds. Trigonella strangulata Boiss., Trigonella filipes Boiss. and Trigonella uninata Banks & Sol. are three widely used species that grow well in the northern suburbs of Iraq and are highly used in oral consumption and folk medicine. Therefore, the present study was designed to evaluate and identify the effective compounds of these plant species and to investigate their physiological and biochemical effects on biochemical and hematological parameters in rats treated with alcohol and cholesterole. Phytochemical analysis of the seeds and leaves of these three plant species were performed by GC-MS, and their morphological evaluation was performed by SEM electron microscopy. For macro elements, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) concentrations of three species were evaluated. The nitrogen and potassium concentration of T. filipes were higher (2.93% and 1.98%, respectively) than two other species. However, the phosphorus and calcium concentration of T. strangulata was higher (0.93% and 3.58%, respectively) than others. Also, the concentration of Magnesium in T. uncinata was the highest (0.96 %). For micro elements, iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were evaluated in the studied species. The concentration of iron in T. filipes was the highest (197.5 mg/kg). Zinc concentration was the highest in T. uncinata (18.9 mg/kg), and the concentration of manganese and copper was the highest in T. strangulata (341.2 and 29.1 mg/kg, respectively). The oxidative stress index (OSI), total oxidant status (TOS), and total antioxidant status (TAS) of plant extracts were measured. Cytotoxic activities of Trigonella filipes, Trigonella strangulata, and Trigonella uncinata plants' extracts on 3 different cell lines in different concentrations (1-10-100-1000 µg/mL) after 24 hour of incubation were studied using MTT cytotoxicity assay. DNA-protecting activity of those plants also were studied. Hematological and biochemical variables such as hepatic enzyme activity, glucose, lipid profile, ESR, CRP, renal function tests, and oxidative biomarkers were measured. Histological evaluation was also performed. Among the hematological parameters in the treated groups with different species of Trigonella, only lymphocytes showed a significant change in the treated group with T. uncinata. The levels of liver enzymes, lipid profile, and glucose in the positive group increased significantly compared to the control, while in the groups treated with these three taxa, these parameters were significantly improved. In the positive group, renal function and oxidative indices with ESR showed a significant increase, and treatment with these three taxa was able to improve these parameters. These results were also supported by histological findings. It can be concluded that these three plant taxa have high phytochemical compounds that have physiological effects such as improving the immune status, improving the function of liver and kidney function, and antioxidants effect against induced hepatotoxicity.