Determination of some biochemical parameters and elements in sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) plant seeds

In this study, Rhus coriaria L. (Sumac) samples collected from different parts of Turkey and Iraq, the first group was freshly ground, the second group was ground and lubricated with sunflower oil in the ratio (90:10), and the third sumac group was only ground. The second and third group samples were analyzed after being stored in the refrigerator at 3-5 degrees Celsius for six months. Elements in sumac samples were determined by ICP-OES, vitamins, β-carotene, lycopene, 4-HNE, glutathione, MDA and amino acids were determined by HPLC, and total phenolics and flavonoids, ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The maximum amounts of Na, K, Mg and P in freshly ground samples are Kadana, Shelladize, Maraş and Derishke regions, respectively. It was determined that the richest regions in terms of trace elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Se, Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni and B were Charput, Derishke, Ranya, Charput, Ranya, Derishke, Elazığ, Derishke and Kadana, respectively. The highest amounts of As, Cd, Pb and Hg in sumac samples were determined in the Kadana, Kadana, Trawanish and Charput regions, respectively, and the lowest amounts were determined in the Kadana, Kadana, Trawanish and Charput regions, respectively. The amounts of ascorbic acid, thiamine, riboflavin, nicotine amide, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid and cyanocobalamin in freshly ground samples were 78.90–36.57, 173.57–61.11, 518.4–182.3, 314.0–105.6, 1292.1–788.7, 779.2–301.7, 385.8–133.4, 826.2–473.1, 192.6–73.9 μg/g dw respectively. The difference between the vitamin amounts in fresh, oiled and unoiled sumac samples from all regions was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). It was observed that the amounts of vitamins A and E, β-carotene and lycopene in fresh sumac samples varied between 1.12-2.77, 84.40-230.65, 2.48-5.31 and 8.10-26.90 μg/g dw, respectively. It was observed that the loss of both water- and fat-soluble vitamins was higher in the group kept without lubrication (p<0.05). The total phenolic and flavonoid substance amounts in fresh samples were found between 27.73-51.75 μgGAE/g dw and 16.16-33.50 μgQE/g dw, respectively. IC50 and TEAC values in freshly ground sumac samples were found between 14.79-23.80 μg/mL and 359.30-665.62 μmol trolox/g dw, respectively. The decreases in the parameters examined in lubricated samples were found to be lower than in the samples kept without lubrication (p>0.05). It was observed that the amounts of GSH, GSSG, MDA and 4-HNE in the samples varied between 1004.12-2550.42, 422.54-1375.38, 13.95-31.30, 7.12-15.40 μg/g dw, respectively. It was determined that while the amounts of GSH and GSH/GSSG in the stored sumac samples decreased, the amounts of MDA, GSSG and 4-HNE increased. It was observed that the changes in the examined parameters in fresh, oiled and unoiled sumac samples were statistically significant (p<0.05). Among the amino acids in the sumac samples, it was determined that the Maraş region sumac was the richest in terms of glutamic acid, while the Kadana and Sheladize regions were the richest in terms of other non-essential amino acids. It was observed that the sumacs of the Shelaza and Maraş regions were the poorest in terms of non-essential amino acids. It has been determined that the sumacs of the Kadana and Sheladize regions are richer in terms of essential amino acids, while the sumacs of the Suleymania and Maraş regions are poorer. It can be said that all of the sumac samples examined were rich in glutamic acid, histidine and alanine and poor in glycine. It was observed that while Kadana sumac was the richest in terms of total essential and non-essential amino acids, Shelaza sumac was the poorest. As a result, it can be said that sumac is a good spice in terms of elements, vitamins, total antioxidant capacity and amino acids.